Can Empathy Help Individuals and Society? Through the Lens of Volunteering and Mental Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypothesis Development
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample and Data Collection
3.2. Measures
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Implications
5.2. Limitations and Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender (male = 1) | 0.53 | 0.50 | |||||||
2. Age | 34.14 | 8.21 | 0.43 *** | ||||||
3. Cognitive empathy | 5.43 | 0.87 | 0.13 * | 0.15 ** | 0.18 ** | (0.90) | |||
Male | 5.54 | 0.85 | |||||||
Female | 5.31 | 0.88 | |||||||
4. Affective empathy | 5.47 | 0.92 | 0.10 | 0.14 * | 0.18 ** | 0.67 *** | (0.92) | ||
Male | 5.55 | 0.88 | |||||||
Female | 5.37 | 0.96 | |||||||
5. Volunteering | 5.22 | 1.03 | −0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.45 *** | 0.48 *** | (0.92) | |
Male | 5.20 | 1.04 | |||||||
Female | 5.24 | 1.03 | |||||||
6. Mental health | 5.50 | 1.01 | 0.10 | 0.13 * | 0.17 ** | 0.64 *** | 0.62 *** | 0.50 *** | (0.94) |
Male | 5.60 | 0.99 | |||||||
Female | 5.39 | 1.02 |
χ2 | df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-factor (empathy) | 519.01 | 101 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.12 |
2-factor (cognitive and affective empathy) | 210.17 | 98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.06 |
From | To | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | SE | B | β | SE | B | β | SE | ||
Cognitive empathy | Volunteering | 0.28 *** | 0.24 | 0.08 | - | - | - | 0.28 *** | 0.24 | 0.08 |
Mental health | 0.40 *** | 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.06 ** | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.46 *** | 0.40 | 0.07 | |
Affective empathy | Volunteering | 0.37 *** | 0.35 | 0.08 | - | - | - | 0.37 *** | 0.35 | 0.08 |
Mental health | 0.31 *** | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.07 ** | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.39 *** | 0.37 | 0.07 | |
Volunteering | Mental health | 0.20 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.05 | - | - | - | 0.20 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.05 |
From | To | Female | Male | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | SE | B | β | SE | ||
Cognitive empathy | Volunteering | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.43 *** | 0.35 | 0.13 |
Mental health | 0.40 *** | 0.35 | 0.07 | 0.40 *** | 0.34 | 0.07 | |
Affective empathy | Volunteering | 0.45 *** | 0.42 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.14 |
Mental health | 0.31 *** | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.31 *** | 0.28 | 0.07 | |
Volunteering | Mental health | 0.20 *** | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.20 *** | 0.21 | 0.05 |
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Chung, Y.W.; Im, S.; Kim, J.E. Can Empathy Help Individuals and Society? Through the Lens of Volunteering and Mental Health. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111406
Chung YW, Im S, Kim JE. Can Empathy Help Individuals and Society? Through the Lens of Volunteering and Mental Health. Healthcare. 2021; 9(11):1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111406
Chicago/Turabian StyleChung, Yang Woon, Seunghee Im, and Jung Eun Kim. 2021. "Can Empathy Help Individuals and Society? Through the Lens of Volunteering and Mental Health" Healthcare 9, no. 11: 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111406