Mineral Balance and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: Focus on Calcium and Phosphorus Intake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Data Collection
2.2.2. Biochemical Measurements
2.2.3. Metabolic Syndrome
2.2.4. Phosphorus/Calcium Intake Ratio
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Disease Characteristics
3.2. Differences in General Variables According to Ratios between Calcium and Phosphorus Intakes
3.3. Correlation Analysis
3.4. Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | N (%) or M ± SD | |
---|---|---|
Male (N = 470) | Female (N = 423) | |
Age | 14.81 ± 2.05 | 14.96 ± 2.05 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 63.55 ± 15.32 | 69.08 ± 8.61 |
Height (cm) | 169.05 ± 8.87 | 160.02 ± 6.36 |
Weight (kg) | 63.55 ± 15.32 | 54.11 ± 11.28 |
BMI | 22.07 ± 4.28 | 21.08 ± 3.94 |
Blood pressure | ||
Systolic (mmHg) | 112.36 ± 10.32 | 105.62 ± 8.57 |
Diastolic (mmHg) | 68.31 ± 9.33 | 67.13 ± 8.52 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 92.89 ± 7.38 | 91.21 ± 7.67 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 159.13 ± 26.79 | 166.52 ± 27.20 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.15 ± 9.37 | 53.24 ± 10.35 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 91.23 ± 55.78 | 89.17 ± 46.26 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.77 ± 0.15 | 0.62 ± 0.09 |
Serum BUN (mg/dL) | 13.51 ± 3.20 | 11.67 ± 2.83 |
Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | 1271.34 ± 594.53 | 938.41 ± 418.75 |
Calcium intake (mg/day) | 599.86 ± 350.80 | 475.37 ± 298.55 |
Metabolic syndrome prevalence (%) | 23(5.9) | 20(4.7) |
Category | Calcium/Phosphorus Intake Ratio | F/χ2 | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤1:1 | ≤1:2 | ≤1:3 | ≤1:4 | >1:5 | |||
Age | 15.04 ± 2.01 | 14.64 ± 2.03 | 14.98 ± 2.05 | 15.10 ± 2.06 | 15.32 ± 2.06 | 2.758 | 0.027 |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 10 | 197 | 155 | 65 | 43 | 1.264 | 0.868 |
Female | 16 | 196 | 121 | 56 | 34 | ||
Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||
Male | 81.90 ± 12.47 | 74.13 ± 12.15 | 75.51 ± 10.21 | 76.97 ± 11.96 | 77.13 ± 12.68 | 1.748 | 0.139 |
Female | 68.02 ± 6.59 | 69.53 ± 8.24 | 68.82 ± 9.47 | 68.58 ± 8.49 | 68.68 ± 8.94 | 0.250 | 0.910 |
BMI | 22.75 ± 5.36 | 21.43 ± 4.02 | 21.60 ± 4.07 | 21.64 ± 4.11 | 22.03 ± 4.71 | 0.785 | 0.535 |
Blood pressure | |||||||
Systolic (mmHg) | 110.61 ± 11.75 | 109.32 ± 10.46 | 108.55 ± 9.40 | 109.98 ± 10.13 | 109.09 ± 10.22 | 0.543 | 0.704 |
Diastolic (mmHg) | 70.13 ± 9.14 | 67.91 ± 8.58 | 67.48 ± 8.73 | 67.15 ± 9.00 | 68.10 ± 11.42 | 0.632 | 0.640 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 90.52 ± 6.40 | 92.56 ± 7.97 | 92.11 ± 73.32 | 90.73 ± 7.03 | 92.57 ± 7.27 | 1.484 | 0.205 |
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 163.81 ± 29.13 | 163.56 ± 28.75 | 160.41 ± 25.19 | 160.15 ± 25.04 | 168.60 ± 28.40 | 1.531 | 0.191 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||
Male | 50.00 ± 8.36 | 50.44 ± 9.28 | 48.10 ± 8.92 | 49.02 ± 10.22 | 47.23 ± 9.78 | 1.664 | 0.157 |
Female | 54.93 ± 13.70 | 52.83 ± 10.83 | 53.07 ± 9.94 | 52.06 ± 8.08 | 57.43 ± 10.08 | 1.469 | 0.211 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 78.57 ± 31.79 | 89.27 ± 47.10 | 89.82 ± 52.57 | 90.99 ± 55.12 | 99.45 ± 66.61 | 0.842 | 0.499 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.74 ± 0.13 | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 0.71 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.15 | 2.472 | 0.043 * |
Serum BUN (mg/dL) | 11.48 ± 3.66 | 12.41 ± 3.05 | 12.96 ± 3.32 | 12.66 ± 3.20 | 13.16 ± 2.85 | 2.221 | 0.065 |
Phosphorus intake (mg/day) | 852.08 ± 487.40 | 1087.51 ± 521.77 | 1133.21 ± 498.45 | 1186.24 ± 659.93 | 1144.61 ± 605.65 | 2.442 | 0.045 * |
Calcium intake (mg/day) | 928.18 ± 541.79 | 694.56 ± 349.15 | 458.82 ± 203.31 | 343.25 ± 185.80 | 233.99 ± 123.70 | 83.887 | <0.001 * |
Metabolic syndrome prevalence | 3 | 18 | 15 | 5 | 2 | 4.869 | 0.301 |
BPsys | BPdia | WC | Glucose | HDL | TG | Phosphorus Intake | Calcium Intake | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPsys | 1 | |||||||
BPdia | 0.448(<0.001) * | 1 | ||||||
WC | 0.482(<0.001) * | 0.209(<0.001) * | 1 | |||||
glucose | 0.129(<0.001) * | 0.035(0.340) | 0.153(<0.001) * | 1 | ||||
HDL | −0.169(<0.001) * | −0.107(0.003) * | −0.352(<0.001) * | −0.063(0.082) | 1 | |||
TG | 0.203(<0.001) * | 0.139(<0.001) * | 0.325(<0.001) * | 0.167(<0.001) * | −0.361(<0.001) * | 1 | ||
Phosphorus intake | 0.103(0.004) * | −0.005(0.891) | 0.115(0.001) * | 0.020(0.575) | −0.113(0.002) * | −0.020(0.579) | 1 | |
Calcium intake | 0.058(0.100) | −0.004(0.907) | 0.049(0.163) | 0.029(0.425) | −0.063(.079) | −0.041(0.251) | 0.697(<0.001) * | 1 |
Category | B | S.E. | Wald | df | p | Exp (B) | 95% C.I. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | −0.007 | 0.020 | 0.115 | 1 | 0.735 | 0.993 | 0.955 | 1.033 |
Waist circumference (cm) | −0.018 | 0.021 | 0.735 | 1 | 0.391 | 0.982 | 0.943 | 1.023 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.007 | 0.018 | 0.129 | 1 | 0.719 | 1.007 | 0.971 | 1.043 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.800 | 1.158 | 5.850 | 1 | 0.016 * | 16.452 | 1.701 | 159.136 |
Constant | −3.161 | 2.381 | 1.762 | 1 | 0.184 | 0.042 |
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Park, Y.; Han, J. Mineral Balance and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: Focus on Calcium and Phosphorus Intake. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111525
Park Y, Han J. Mineral Balance and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: Focus on Calcium and Phosphorus Intake. Healthcare. 2021; 9(11):1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111525
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Yoonjin, and Jungjin Han. 2021. "Mineral Balance and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents: Focus on Calcium and Phosphorus Intake" Healthcare 9, no. 11: 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111525