Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Patients and Methods
2.2. Assessment of Psychological Distress
2.3. Risk Factors for Psychological Distress
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Factors Associated with Psychological Distress and Their Frequency in Pre-Operative Patients with Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
3.2. Patients Treated by a Psychiatrist
3.3. Factors Associated with Psychological Distress and Their Frequency in Pre-Operative Patients with Malignant Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
3.4. Factors Associated with Psychological Distress and Their Frequency in Pre-Operative Patients with Benign Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
4. Discussion
4.1. Psychological Distress in Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Patients
4.2. Identification of Patients at a Higher Risk of Psychological Distress in Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Patients
4.3. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Median (Range) | Number | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Median (range) | 53 (18–87) | ||
Sex | Male | 172 | 58% | |
Female | 126 | 42% | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Median (range) | 24 (13–44) | ||
Type of tumor | Bone | 54 | 18% | |
Soft tissue | 244 | 82% | ||
Malignancy | Malignant | 105 | 35% | |
Intermediate | 32 | 11% | ||
Benign | 161 | 54% | ||
Anatomical location | Upper limb | 99 | 33% | |
Lower limb | 135 | 45% | ||
Trunk | 64 | 22% | ||
Pain: In motion (NRS) | Median (range) | 2.6 (0–10) | ||
Barthel Index | Median (range) | 98.3 (35–100) | ||
Performance status | 0 | 264 | 88% | |
1 | 30 | 10% | ||
2 | 2 | 1% | ||
3 | 2 | 1% | ||
Current employment | Full-time | 169 | 57% | |
Part-time | 11 | 4% | ||
Retired | 80 | 27% | ||
Other | 38 | 13% | ||
Smoking | Yes | 57 | 19% | |
No | 241 | 81% | ||
Drinking | Yes | 93 | 31% | |
No | 205 | 69% | ||
Marital status | Married | 227 | 76% | |
Divorced/never married | 71 | 24% | ||
Housemate | Yes | 256 | 86% | |
No | 42 | 14% | ||
Children | Yes | 207 | 69% | |
No | 91 | 31% |
Variables | Histology | Presence of Psychological Distress | Abesence of Psychological Distress | Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 15) | (n = 39) | (n = 54) | ||
Malignant (n = 21) | Osteosarcoma | 4 | 4 | 8 |
Chondrosarcoma (G2) | 4 | 6 | 10 | |
Ewing sarcoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Clear cell chondrosarcoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Chordoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Intermediate (n = 15) | Giant cell tumor | 2 | 3 | 5 |
Aneurysmal bone cyst | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Chondroblastoma | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Chondrosarcoma (G1) | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Benign (n = 18) | Exostosis | 10 | 10 | |
Enchondroma | 3 | 3 | ||
Osteoid osteoma | 3 | 3 | ||
Intraosseous lipoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation | 1 | 1 |
Variables | Histology | Presence of Psychological Distress | Abesence of Psychological Distress | Number |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 49) | (n = 195) | (n = 244) | ||
Malignant (n = 84) | Liposarcoma | 7 | 19 | 26 |
Undifferentiated sarcoma | 7 | 15 | 22 | |
Myxofibrosarcoma | 4 | 14 | 18 | |
Fibrosarcoma | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Synovial sarcoma | 1 | 2 | 3 | |
Epithelioid sarcoma | 2 | 2 | ||
Dermatofibrosarcoma protueberans | 2 | 2 | ||
Leiomyosarcoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Extraosseous osteosarcoma | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Malignant glomus tumor | 1 | 1 | ||
Clear cell sarcoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor | 1 | 1 | ||
Other | 2 | 2 | ||
Intermediate (n = 16) | Well differentiated liposarcoma | 1 | 8 | 9 |
Solitary fibrous tumor | 5 | 5 | ||
Other | 2 | 2 | ||
Benign (n = 144) | Lipoma | 6 | 45 | 51 |
Schwannoma | 11 | 31 | 42 | |
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor | 4 | 28 | 32 | |
Neurofibroma | 1 | 3 | 4 | |
Fibroma | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
Nodular fasciitis | 1 | 1 | ||
Leiomyoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Hemangioma | 1 | 1 | ||
Myxoma | 1 | 1 | ||
Glomus tumor | 1 | 1 | ||
Other | 5 | 5 |
Variables | Presence of Psychological Distress | Abesence of Psychological Distress | Univariate Analysis | Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 64) | (n = 234) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | ||
Age, years, median (range) | 57 (26–82) | 52 (18–87) | <0.01 ** | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | <0.05 * |
Sex | |||||
Female | 34 (53%) | 92 (39%) | <0.05 * | 2.00 (1.08–3.73) * | <0.05 * |
Male | 30 (47%) | 142 (61%) | |||
BMI, kg/m2 median (range) | 24 (18–34) | 24 (14–44) | 0.31 | ||
Type of tumor | |||||
Bone tumor | 15 (23%) | 39 (21%) | 0.26 | ||
Soft tissue tumor | 49 (77%) | 195 (79%) | |||
Malignancy | |||||
Benin | 24 (38%) | 137 (58%) | <0.01 ** | 2.15 (1.13–4.08) | <0.05 * |
Intermediate/Malignant | 40 (62%) | 97 (42%) | |||
Anatomical location | |||||
Upper limb | 19 (30%) | 80 (34%) | 0.58 | ||
Lower limb | 33 (52%) | 102 (44%) | 0.15 | ||
Trunk | 12 (19%) | 52 (22%) | 0.29 | ||
Pain: In motion, median (range) | 3.8 (0–10) | 2.2 (0–10) | <0.01 ** | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) * | <0.05 * |
Performance status, median (range) | 0.3 (0–4) | 0.1 (0–4) | <0.01 ** | 1.20 (0.64–2.26) | 0.57 |
Barthel Index (range) | 96 (0–100) | 99 (0–100) | <0.01 ** | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | <0.05 * |
Current employment | |||||
Full-time | 31 (48%) | 138 (59%) | |||
Part-time | 2 (3%) | 9 (4%) | 0.71 | ||
Retired | 13 (20%) | 25 (11%) | 0.35 | ||
Other | 18 (28%) | 62 (26%) | 0.47 | ||
Pre-operative chemotherapy | |||||
Yes | 2 (3%) | 18 (8%) | 0.15 | ||
No | 62 (97%) | 216 (92%) | |||
Pre-operative radiotherapy | |||||
Yes | 1 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 0.61 | ||
No | 63 (98%) | 232 (99%) | |||
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 22 (34%) | 98 (42%) | 0.31 | ||
No | 42 (66%) | 136 (58%) | |||
Drinking | |||||
Yes | 24 (38%) | 107 (46%) | 0.25 | ||
No | 40 (62%) | 127 (54%) | |||
Marital status | |||||
Married/divorced | 52 (81%) | 175 (75%) | 0.27 | ||
Never married | 12 (19%) | 59 (25%) | |||
Housemate | |||||
Yes | 54 (84%) | 202 (86%) | 0.66 | ||
No | 10 (16%) | 32 (14%) | |||
Children | |||||
Yes | 50 (78%) | 157 (67%) | 0.09 | ||
No | 14 (22%) | 77 (33%) |
Variables | Presence of Psychological Distress | Abesence of Psychological Distress | Univariate Analysis | Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 34) | (n = 71) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | ||
Age, years, median (range) | 58 (24–82) | 57 (18–87) | 0.37 | ||
Sex | |||||
Female | 19 (56%) | 21 (30%) | <0.01 ** | 1.37 (0.49–3.81) | 0.54 |
Male | 15 (44%) | 50 (71%) | |||
BMI, kg/m2, median (range) | 23 (18–33) | 24 (13–38) | 0.26 | ||
Malignancy | |||||
Bone tumor | 10 (29%) | 11 (16%) | 0.12 | ||
Soft tissue tumor | 24 (71%) | 60 (84%) | |||
Anatomical location | |||||
Upper limb | 8 (24%) | 15 (21%) | 0.90 | ||
Lower limb | 17 (50%) | 34 (49%) | |||
Trunk | 9 (26%) | 22 (30%) | |||
Pain: In motion, median (range) | 2.7 (0–10) | 2.6 (0–10) | 0.49 | ||
Performance status, median (range) | 0.4 (0–4) | 0.3 (0–4) | 0.29 | ||
Barthel Index (range) | 97 (0–100) | 95 (0–100) | 0.08 | ||
Current employment | |||||
Full-time | 15 (44%) | 37 (53%) | |||
Part-time | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.48 | ||
Retired | 10 (29%) | 15 (21%) | 0.53 | ||
Other | 9 (27%) | 18 (25%) | 0.13 | ||
Pre-operative chemotherapy | |||||
Yes | 2 (6%) | 17 (26%) | <0.05 * | 6.07 (1.22–30.1) | <0.05 * |
No | 32 (94%) | 54 (74%) | |||
Pre-operative radiotherapy | |||||
Yes | 1 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 0.97 | ||
No | 33 (97%) | 69 (97%) | |||
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 6 (18%) | 32 (44%) | <0.01 ** | 2.75 (0.84–9.00) | 0.10 |
No | 28 (82%) | 39 (56%) | |||
Drinking | |||||
Yes | 10 (29%) | 37 (52%) | <0.05 * | 1.85 (0.66–5.24) | 0.25 |
No | 24 (71%) | 34 (48%) | |||
Marital status | |||||
Married/divorced | 26 (76%) | 56 (78%) | 0.85 | ||
Never married | 8 (24%) | 15 (22%) | |||
Housemate | |||||
Yes | 29 (85%) | 64 (90%) | 0.43 | ||
No | 5 (15%) | 7 (10%) | |||
Children | |||||
Yes | 24 (71%) | 51 (71%) | 0.95 | ||
No | 10 (29%) | 20 (29%) |
Variables | Presence of Psychological Distress | Abesence of Psychological Distress | Univariate Analysis | Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 24) | (n = 137) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | ||
Age, years, median (range) | 58 (35–78) | 49 (18–84) | <0.01 ** | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | <0.05 * |
Sex | |||||
Female | 12 (50%) | 58 (42%) | 0.48 | ||
Male | 12 (50%) | 79 (58%) | |||
BMI, kg/m2, median (range) | 24 (19–34) | 24 (16–44) | 0.40 | ||
Malignancy | |||||
Bone tumor | 0 (0%) | 18 (13%) | 0.06 | ||
Soft tissue tumor | 24 (100%) | 119 (87%) | |||
Anatomical location | |||||
Upper limb | 8 (33%) | 58 (42%) | 0.44 | ||
Lower limb | 13 (54%) | 55 (40%) | |||
Trunk | 3 (13%) | 24 (18%) | |||
Pain: In motion, median (range) | 5.4 (0–10) | 2.0 (0–10) | <0.01 ** | 1.41 (1.19–1.69) | <0.01 ** |
Barthel Index (range) | 96 (0–100) | 100 (0–100) | 0.06 | ||
Performance status, median (range) | 0.13 (0–4) | 0.01 (0–4) | 0.19 | ||
Current employment | |||||
Full-time | 14 (58%) | 87 (64%) | |||
Part-time | 1 (4%) | 5 (4%) | 0.45 | ||
Retired | 2 (8%) | 6 (4%) | 0.77 | ||
Other | 7 (29%) | 39 (28%) | 0.44 | ||
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 12 (50%) | 57 (42%) | 0.44 | ||
No | 12 (50%) | 80 (58%) | |||
Drinking | |||||
Yes | 13 (54%) | 57 (42%) | 0.25 | ||
No | 11 (46%) | 80 (58%) | |||
Marital status | |||||
Married/divorced | 20 (83%) | 105 (77%) | 0.47 | ||
Never married | 4 (17%) | 28 (23%) | |||
Housemate | |||||
Yes | 19 (79%) | 117 (85%) | 0.44 | ||
No | 5 (21%) | 20 (15%) | |||
Children | |||||
Yes | 20 (83%) | 94 (69%) | 0.14 | ||
No | 4 (17%) | 43 (31%) |
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Ise, M.; Nakata, E.; Katayama, Y.; Hamada, M.; Kunisada, T.; Fujiwara, T.; Nakahara, R.; Takihira, S.; Sato, K.; Akezaki, Y.; et al. Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors. Healthcare 2021, 9, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050566
Ise M, Nakata E, Katayama Y, Hamada M, Kunisada T, Fujiwara T, Nakahara R, Takihira S, Sato K, Akezaki Y, et al. Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors. Healthcare. 2021; 9(5):566. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050566
Chicago/Turabian StyleIse, Masato, Eiji Nakata, Yoshimi Katayama, Masanori Hamada, Toshiyuki Kunisada, Tomohiro Fujiwara, Ryuichi Nakahara, Shouta Takihira, Kohei Sato, Yoshiteru Akezaki, and et al. 2021. "Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Primary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors" Healthcare 9, no. 5: 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050566