Graphene Quantum Dot-Enabled Nanocomposites as Luminescence- and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Properties of GQDs
3. Synthesis of GQDs
3.1. Top–down Approach
3.2. Bottom–up Approach
4. Fabrication of GQD Nanocomposites
4.1. GQD Nanocomposites with Organic Materials
4.2. GQD Nanocomposites with Inorganic Materials
5. Luminescence-Based Biosensing Applications of GQD Nanocomposites
5.1. Photoluminescence (PL)
5.2. Chemiluminescence (CL)
5.3. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)
6. SERS-Based Biosensing Applications of GQD Nanocomposites
7. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Precursors | Synthesis Methods | Reaction Conditions | Materials | Yield (%) | GQDs Properties | Ref. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size (nm) | Emission (nm) | PLQY (%) | |||||||
1 | Coal | Chemical exfoliation | 24 h 100–120 °C | GQDs | 10–20 | 2.3–2.9 | 460–500 | 1.0 | [42] |
2 | Coke | Electrochemical exfoliation | 1 h 40 mA cm−2 | o-GQDs | 31.1 | 4.6 | 560 | 9.2 | [44] |
1 h 120 mA cm−2 | y-GQDs | 42.9 | 4.2 | 530 | 7.9 | ||||
1 h 240 mA cm−2 | g-GQDs | 17.9 | 3.0 | 500 | 8.5 | ||||
Reduction of G-GQDs with NaBH4 | 4 h | b-GQDs | 13.0 | 2.9 | 440 | 19.3 | |||
3 | Graphene | Hydrothermal | 10 h 200 °C | GQDs | 22 | 9.6 | 430 | 6.9 | [6] |
4 | MWCNT | Two-steps electrochemical | 17 h 1 V; 90 °C | GQDs | 30–38 | 3.0 | 455 | 6.3 | [46] |
13 h 1 V; 90 °C | GQDs | 5.2 | 425 | 5.9 | |||||
9 h 1 V; 90 °C | GQDs | 8.2 | 400 | 5.4 | |||||
17 h 1 V; 30 °C | GQDs | 23.0 | 385 | 5.1 | |||||
5 | CF | Chemical exfoliation | 24 h 120 °C | GQDs | n.a. | 3.0 | 434 | n.a. | [48] |
24 h 100 °C | GQDs | n.a. | 6.0 | 500 | n.a. | ||||
24 h 80 °C | GQDs | n.a. | 9.0 | 564 | n.a. | ||||
6 | Trinitropyrene in NaOH | Hydrothermal | 10 h 200 °C | b-GQDs | 45 | 2.6 | 450 | 21 | [49] |
Trinitropyrene in hydrazine and ammonia | c-GQDs | 56 | 2.9 | 475 | 45 | ||||
Trinitropyrene in NaOH | 1 h 200 °C | g-GQDs | 63 | 3.5 | n.a. | 23 | |||
Trinitropyrene in ammonia | 10 h 200 °C | y-GQDs | 60 | 3.8 | 535 | 7 | |||
7 | Trinitropyrene, thiourea, DMF, NaOH | Hydrothermal | 10 h 200 °C | N, S-GQDs | 87.8 | 2.1 | 450 | 23.2 | [50] |
8 | Citric acid | Pyrolysis | 30 min 200 °C | GQDs | n.a. | 15 | 460 | 9 | [52] |
9 | Glucose | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal | 5 min 595 W | GQDs | n.a. | 3.4 | 473 | 11 | [53] |
10 | Lignin | Oxidized cleavage + hydrothermal | 12 + 12 h 180 °C | NGQDs | 21 | 3.7 | 410 | 21 | [54] |
12 + 1 h 180 °C | n.a. | 4.4 | 430 | n.a. | |||||
11 | Chitosan | CVD | 3 min 250–300 °C | NGQDs | n.a. | 10–15 | 448 | n.a. | [55] |
12 | Chitosan | Microplasma | 1 h 9.6 mA | NGQDs | 50 | 6.4 | 532 | 30 | [57] |
13 | Fructose | Microplasma | 1 h 9.6 mA | GQDs | 16.6 | 4.5 | 446 | 0.9 | [69] |
Citric acid | NGQDs | 28.1 | 3.6 | 516 | 2.6 | ||||
Lignin | 1 h 5 mA | N, S-GQDs | 58.7 | 3.1 | 514 | 1.0 | |||
Cellulose | 1 h 10 mA | GQDs | 3.0 | n.a. | 428 | 1.2 | |||
Starch | 1 h 9.6 mA | GQDs | 50.9 | 4.1 | 558 | 27.5 |
Biosensors | Analyte | Linear Range | LoD | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Au@NGQDs | DA | 1.0–100.0 μM | 430 nM | [86] |
AuNF@GQDs | miRNA-34a | 0.4–4 fM | 0.1 fM | [91] |
AuNCs-GQDs | ATP | 0.3–2.0 mM | 0.27 mM | [92] |
GQDs-AuNPs | GR | 0.005–0.13 mU/mL | 0.005 mU/mL | [93] |
GQDs/UiO-66 | Cholesterol | 0.04–1.60 μmol/L | 0.01 μmol/L | [94] |
NG/CIS/ZnS QD | Cholesterol | 0.312–5 mM | 0.222 mM | [98] |
Amine NGQDs@AuNPs | Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) | 0.1–1000 ng/mL | 0.09 pg/mL | [99] |
PEHA-GQD-His | miRNA-141 | 10−18–10−12 M | 4.3 × 10−19 M | [100] |
NGQDs/CrPic | Cholesterol | 0–520 μM | 0.4 μM | [101] |
Biosensors | Analyte | Linear Range | LoD | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
DNAzyme/L-Apt/GQDs@GO@CF | LZM | 0.26–66 ng/L | 12.5 pg/L | [108] |
Cu(II)/Cu2O/NGQDs | UA | 0.16–4.0 μM | 41 nM | [109] |
GQDs/MoS2 | Cholesterol | 0.08–300 μM | 35 nM | [110] |
NC-Fe3O4@GQDs | Dopamine | 0.25–17.5 μg/L | 0.054 μg/L | [111] |
Biosensors | Analyte | Linear Range | LoD | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
GOx-CeO2@Ag-GQDs | Con A | 0.0005–1.0 ng/mL | 0.16 pg/mL | [116] |
AuNP/GQDs-PEI-GO | PSA | 0.001–100 ng/mL | 0.44 pg/mL | [114] |
GQDs/AuNPs-ssDNA | p53 ssDNA | 25–400 nM | 13 nM | [118] |
GQDs@AuNP | Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | 0.1 pg/mL–10 ng/mL | 3.78 fg/mL | [119] |
MoS2-GQDs | DNA | 0.1 fM–1 nM | 0.025 fM | [120] |
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Kurniawan, D.; Chen, Y.-Y.; Sharma, N.; Rahardja, M.R.; Chiang, W.-H. Graphene Quantum Dot-Enabled Nanocomposites as Luminescence- and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120498
Kurniawan D, Chen Y-Y, Sharma N, Rahardja MR, Chiang W-H. Graphene Quantum Dot-Enabled Nanocomposites as Luminescence- and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors. Chemosensors. 2022; 10(12):498. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120498
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurniawan, Darwin, Yan-Yi Chen, Neha Sharma, Michael Ryan Rahardja, and Wei-Hung Chiang. 2022. "Graphene Quantum Dot-Enabled Nanocomposites as Luminescence- and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors" Chemosensors 10, no. 12: 498. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10120498