C. elegans as a Powerful Tool for Cancer Screening
Abstract
:1. Healthcare Utilization for Cancer Screening
1.1. Cancer Statistics
1.2. Cancer Screening Economics
2. Blood Tumor Markers and Liquid Biopsy
3. Multi-Cancer Early Detection (MCED)
3.1. A New Paradigm in Cancer Screening
3.2. Galleri by GRAIL, a Blood-Based MCED Test with Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA)
3.3. Circulating Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) for Early-Stage Multi-Cancer Detection
4. Non-Invasive Early Cancer Detection Using Body Fluids
4.1. Urine as a Biomarker in Cancer
4.2. The Smell of Cancer and Volatile Urinary Compounds
4.3. Electronic Nose (e-Nose)
5. Caenorhabditis elegans as a Powerful Biosensor for Cancer Screening
5.1. Chemotactic Response of C. elegans with Urine Samples
5.2. N-NOSE
5.3. Cancer Type Identification with N-NOSE
5.4. N-NOSE Clinical Research
5.5. Replication of N-NOSE Behavioral Assay by Other Research Groups
6. Conclusions: N-NOSE as a Multi-Cancer Primary Cancer Screening Test
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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di Luccio, E.; Morishita, M.; Hirotsu, T. C. elegans as a Powerful Tool for Cancer Screening. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2371. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102371
di Luccio E, Morishita M, Hirotsu T. C. elegans as a Powerful Tool for Cancer Screening. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(10):2371. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102371
Chicago/Turabian Styledi Luccio, Eric, Masayo Morishita, and Takaaki Hirotsu. 2022. "C. elegans as a Powerful Tool for Cancer Screening" Biomedicines 10, no. 10: 2371. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102371