Testosterone as a Biomarker of Adverse Clinical Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
- -
- a hormonal profile including total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17-β estradiol (E2), albumin (ALB), inhibin B (InhB), Prolactin (PRL), 25OH vitamin D (25OHD), and prostatic serum antigen (PSA);
- -
- an inflammatory/biochemical profile including blood count with lymphocytes cells count, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, D-dimer, and fibrinogen.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Assessment/Admission Evaluation
3.2. Hospital Stay Analysis
3.3. Mortality Evaluation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https://covid19.who.int (accessed on 2 February 2020).
- Li, D.; Jin, M.; Bao, P.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw. Open 2020, 3, e208292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mao, L.; Jin, H.; Wang, M.; Hu, Y.; Chen, S.; He, Q.; Chang, J.; Hong, C.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, D.; et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020, 77, 683–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nishiga, M.; Wang, D.W.; Han, Y.; Lewis, D.B.; Wu, J.C. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: From basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2020, 17, 543–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beyerstedt, S.; Casaro, E.B.; Rangel, É.B. COVID-19: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. 2021, 40, 905–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trougakos, I.P.; Stamatelopoulos, K.; Terpos, E.; Tsitsilonis, O.E.; Aivalioti, E.; Paraskevis, D.; Kastritis, E.; Pavlakis, G.N.; Dimopoulos, M.A. Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications. J. Biomed. Sci. 2021, 28, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raj, C.T.D.; Kandaswamy, D.K.; Danduga, R.C.S.R.; Rajasabapathy, R.; James, R.A. COVID-19: Molecular pathophysiology, genetic evolution and prospective therapeutics—a review. Arch. Microbiol. 2021, 203, 2043–2057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sungnak, W.; Huang, N.; Bécavin, C.; Berg, M. HCA Lung Biological Network SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes Are Most Highly Expressed in Nasal Goblet and Ciliated Cells within Human Airways. arXiv 2020, 26, 681–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Samavati, L.; Uhal, B.D. ACE2, Much More Than Just a Receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2020, 10, 371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bank, S.; De, S.K.; Bankura, B.; Maiti, S.; Das, M.; A Khan, G. ACE/ACE2 balance might be instrumental to explain the certain comorbidities leading to severe COVID-19 cases. Biosci. Rep. 2021, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbagallo, F.; Calogero, A.E.; Cannarella, R.; Condorelli, R.A.; Mongioì, L.M.; Aversa, A.; La Vignera, S. The testis in patients with COVID-19: Virus reservoir or immunization resource? Transl. Androl. Urol. 2020, 9, 1897–1900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Napolitano, L.; Barone, B.; Crocetto, F.; Capece, M.; La Rocca, R. The COVID-19 Pandemic: Is It A Wolf Consuming Fertility? Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 2020, 14, 159–160. [Google Scholar]
- Barbagallo, F.; Condorelli, R.A.; Mongioì, L.M.; Cannarella, R.; Cimino, L.; Magagnini, M.C.; Crafa, A.; La Vignera, S.; Calogero, A.E. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship between Obesity and Male Infertility. Metabolites 2021, 11, 840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, J.S.; Fernando, I.D.; Chan, M.Y.; Sia, C.-H. Obesity in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2020, 49, 996–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pivonello, R.; Menafra, D.; Riccio, E.; Garifalos, F.; Mazzella, M.; De Angelis, C.; Colao, A. Metabolic Disorders and Male Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Front. Endocrinol. 2019, 10, 345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Louters, M.; Pearlman, M.; Solsrud, E.; Pearlman, A. Functional hypogonadism among patients with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Impot. Res. 2021, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Z.; Peng, F.; Xu, B.; Zhao, J.; Liu, H.; Peng, J.; Li, Q.; Jiang, C.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, S.; et al. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J. Infect. 2020, 81, e16–e25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AbdelMassih, A.F.; Ghaly, R.; Amin, A.; Gaballah, A.; Kamel, A.; Heikal, B.; Menshawey, E.; Ismail, H.-A.; Hesham, H.; Attallah, J.; et al. Obese communities among the best predictors of COVID-19-related deaths. Cardiovasc. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 9, 102–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Younis, J.S.; Skorecki, K.; Abassi, Z. The Double Edge Sword of Testosterone’s Role in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Endocrinol. 2021, 12, 607179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moreno, G.; Carbonell, R.; Bodí, M.; Rodríguez, A. Systematic Review of the Prognostic Utility of D-Dimer, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, and Anticoagulant Therapy in COVID-19 Critically Ill Patients. Med. Intensiva 2021, 45, 42–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Traish, A.; Bolanos, J.; Nair, S.; Saad, F.; Morgentaler, A. Do Androgens Modulate the Pathophysiological Pathways of Inflammation? Appraising the Contemporary Evidence. J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7, 549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rastrelli, G.; Di Stasi, V.; Inglese, F.; Beccaria, M.; Garuti, M.; Di Costanzo, D.; Spreafico, F.; Greco, G.F.; Cervi, G.; Pecoriello, A.; et al. Low testosterone levels predict clinical adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients. Andrology 2021, 9, 88–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qaseem, A.; Horwitch, C.A.; Vijan, S.; Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, I.; Kansagara, D.; Wilt, T.J.; Forciea, M.A.; Crandall, C.; Fitterman, N.; Hicks, L.A.; et al. Testosterone Treatment in Adult Men with Age-Related Low Testosterone: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020, 172, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, L.; Garg, S.; O’Halloran, A.; Whitaker, M.; Pham, H.; Anderson, E.J.; Armistead, I.; Bennett, N.M.; Billing, L.; Como-Sabetti, K.; et al. Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality Among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the US Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET). Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 72, e206–e214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Çayan, S.; Uğuz, M.; Saylam, B.; Akbay, E. Effect of serum total testosterone and its relationship with other laboratory parameters on the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in SARS-CoV-2 infected male patients: A cohort study. Aging Male Off. J. Int. Soc. Study Aging Male 2020, 23, 1493–1503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lanser, L.; Burkert, F.R.; Thommes, L.; Egger, A.; Hoermann, G.; Kaser, S.; Pinggera, G.M.; Anliker, M.; Griesmacher, A.; Weiss, G.; et al. Testosterone Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. Front. Endocrinol. 2021, 12, 694083. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camici, M.; Zuppi, P.; Lorenzini, P.; Scarnecchia, L.; Pinnetti, C.; Cicalini, S.; Nicastri, E.; Petrosillo, N.; Palmieri, F.; D’Offizi, G.; et al. Role of testosterone in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A key pathogenic factor and a biomarker for severe pneumonia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. IJID Off. Publ. Int. Soc. Infect. Dis. 2021, 108, 244–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salonia, A.; Pontillo, M.; Capogrosso, P.; Gregori, S.; Carenzi, C.; Ferrara, A.M.; Rowe, I.; Boeri, L.; Larcher, A.; Ramirez, G.A.; et al. Testosterone in males with COVID-19: A 7-month cohort study. Andrology 2021, 10, 34–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Charlson, M.E.; Pompei, P.; Ales, K.L.; MacKenzie, C.R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. J. Chronic Dis. 1987, 40, 373–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ARDS Definition of Task Force; Ranieri, V.M.; Rubenfeld, G.D.; Thompson, B.T.; Ferguson, N.D.; Caldwell, E.; Fan, E.; Camporota, L.; Slutsky, A.S. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: The Berlin Definition. JAMA 2012, 307, 2526–2533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vermeulen, A.; Verdonck, L.; Kaufman, J.M. A Critical Evaluation of Simple Methods for the Estimation of Free Testosterone in Serum. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84, 3666–3672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhasin, S.; Brito, J.P.; Cunningham, G.R.; Hayes, F.J.; Hodis, H.N.; Matsumoto, A.M.; Snyder, P.J.; Swerdloff, R.S.; Wu, F.C.; Yialamas, M.A. Testosterone Therapy in Men with Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 103, 1715–1744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ma, L.; Xie, W.; Li, D.; Shi, L.; Ye, G.; Mao, Y.; Xiong, Y.; Sun, H.; Zheng, F.; Chen, Z.; et al. Evaluation of sex-related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive-aged male COVID-19 patients. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 456–462. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salonia, A.; Pontillo, M.; Capogrosso, P.; Gregori, S.; Tassara, M.; Boeri, L.; Carenzi, C.; Abbate, C.; Cignoli, D.; Ferrara, A.M.; et al. Severely low testosterone in males with COVID-19: A case-control study. Andrology 2021, 9, 1043–1052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, G.C.; O’Bryan, M.; Hedger, M.; Lee, D.K.L.; Yarski, M.A.; Smith, A.I.; Lew, R.A. The Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Homolog, ACE2, Is Selectively Expressed by Adult Leydig Cells of the Testis. Endocrinology 2004, 145, 4703–4711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Seymen, C.M. The other side of COVID-19 pandemic: Effects on male fertility. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 1396–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stanley, K.E.; Thomas, E.; Leaver, M.; Wells, D. Coronavirus disease-19 and fertility: Viral host entry protein expression in male and female reproductive tissues. Fertil. Steril. 2020, 114, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iwasaki, M.; Saito, J.; Zhao, H.; Sakamoto, A.; Hirota, K.; Ma, D. Inflammation Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Augment Drives Multiple Organ Failure of Severe COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications. Inflammation 2021, 44, 13–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Xu, X. scRNA-seq Profiling of Human Testes Reveals the Presence of the ACE2 Receptor, A Target for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Spermatogonia, Leydig and Sertoli Cells. Cells 2020, 9, 920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, W.; Han, R.; Wu, H.; Han, D. Viral threat to male fertility. Andrologia 2018, 50, e13140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Creta, M.; Sagnelli, C.; Celentano, G.; Napolitano, L.; La Rocca, R.; Capece, M.; Califano, G.; Calogero, A.; Sica, A.; Mangiapia, F.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the lower urinary tract and male genital system: A systematic review. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 3133–3142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Therapeutics and COVID-19: Living Guideline. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2021.3 (accessed on 3 February 2022).
- Rosen, H.; Jameel, M.L.; Barkan, A.L. Dexamethasone Suppresses Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Secretion and Has Direct Pituitary Effects in Male Rats: Differential Regulation of GnRH Receptor and Gonadotropin Responses to GnRH*. Endocrinology 1988, 122, 2873–2880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perez-Garcia, L.; Winkel, B.T.; Carrizales, J.; Bramer, W.; Vorstenbosch, S.; van Puijenbroek, E.; Hazes, J.; Dolhain, R. Sexual function and reproduction can be impaired in men with rheumatic diseases: A systematic review. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2020, 50, 557–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vanhorebeek, I.; Langouche, L.; Berghe, G.V.D. Endocrine aspects of acute and prolonged critical illness. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006, 2, 20–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faw, C.A.; Brannigan, R.E. Hypogonadism and cancer survivorship. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2020, 27, 411–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marinelli, L.; Lanfranco, F.; Motta, G.; Zavattaro, M. Erectile Dysfunction in Men with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lanfranco, F.; Motta, G.; Minetto, M.A.; Baldi, M.; Balbo, M.; Ghigo, E.; Arvat, E.; Maccario, M. Neuroendocrine Alterations in Obese Patients with Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2010, 2010, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karadag, F.; Ozcan, H.; Karul, A.B.; Yilmaz, M.; Cildag, O. Sex hormone alterations and systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2009, 63, 275–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kouchiyama, S.; Honda, Y.; Kuriyama, T. Influence of Nocturnal Oxygen Desaturation on Circadian Rhythm of Testosterone Secretion. Respir. Int. Rev. Thorac. Dis. 1990, 57, 359–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grunstein, R.R.; Handelsman, D.J.; Lawrence, S.J.; Blackwell, C.; Caterson, I.D.; Sullivan, C.E. Neuroendocrine Dysfunction in Sleep Apnea: Reversal by Continuous Positive Airways Pressure Therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1989, 68, 352–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadihasanoglu, M.; Aktas, S.; Yardimci, E.; Aral, H.; Kadioglu, A. SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Affects Male Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Prospective, Cohort Study. J. Sex. Med. 2021, 18, 256–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhindsa, S.; Zhang, N.; McPhaul, M.J.; Wu, Z.; Ghoshal, A.K.; Erlich, E.C.; Mani, K.; Randolph, G.J.; Edwards, J.R.; Mudd, P.A.; et al. Association of Circulating Sex Hormones with Inflammation and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Netw. Open 2021, 4, e2111398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohamadian, M.; Chiti, H.; Shoghli, A.; Biglari, S.; Parsamanesh, N.; Esmaeilzadeh, A. COVID-19: Virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis. J. Gene Med. 2021, 23, e3303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vena, W.; Pizzocaro, A.; Maida, G.; Amer, M.; Voza, A.; Di Pasquale, A.; Reggiani, F.; Ciccarelli, M.; Fedeli, C.; Santi, D.; et al. Low testosterone predicts hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency and mortality in patients with COVID-19 disease: Another piece in the COVID puzzle. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2021, 45, 753–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marchetti, C.; Hamdane, M.; Mitchell, V.; Mayo, E.K.; Devisme, L.; Rigot, J.; Beauvillain, J.; Hermand, E.; Defossez, A. Immunolocalization of Inhibin and Activin α and βB Subunits and Expression of Corresponding Messenger RNAs in the Human Adult Testis. Biol. Reprod. 2003, 68, 230–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andersson, A.-M.; Muller, J.; Skakkebæk, N.E. Different Roles of Prepubertal and Postpubertal Germ Cells and Sertoli Cells in the Regulation of Serum Inhibin B Levels. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83, 4451–4458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumanov, P.; Nandipati, K.; Tomova, A.; Agarwal, A. Inhibin B is a better marker of spermatogenesis than other hormones in the evaluation of male factor infertility. Fertil. Steril. 2006, 86, 332–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbotin, A.-L.; Ballot, C.; Sigala, J.; Ramdane, N.; Duhamel, A.; Marcelli, F.; Rigot, J.-M.; Dewailly, D.; Pigny, P.; Mitchell, V. The serum inhibin B concentration and reference ranges in normozoospermia. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2015, 172, 669–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pierik, F.H.; Vreeburg, J.T.M.; Stijnen, T.; De Jong, F.H.; Weber, R.F.A. Serum Inhibin B as a Marker of Spermatogenesis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83, 3110–3114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jørgensen, N.; Liu, F.; Andersson, A.-M.; Vierula, M.; Irvine, D.S.; Auger, J.; Brazil, C.K.; Drobnis, E.Z.; Jensen, T.K.; Jouannet, P.; et al. Serum inhibin-b in fertile men is strongly correlated with low but not high sperm counts: A coordinated study of 1797 European and US men. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 94, 2128–2134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, M.; Chen, S.; Huang, B.; Zhong, J.-M.; Su, H.; Chen, Y.-J.; Cao, Q.; Ma, L.; He, J.; Li, X.-F.; et al. Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications. Eur. Urol. Focus 2020, 6, 1124–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gacci, M.; Coppi, M.; Baldi, E.; Sebastianelli, A.; Zaccaro, C.; Morselli, S.; Pecoraro, A.; Manera, A.; Nicoletti, R.; Liaci, A.; et al. Semen impairment and occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in semen after recovery from COVID-19. Hum. Reprod. 2021, 36, 1520–1529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Age (Years) | 64 [58–74] |
---|---|
BMI (Kg/m2) | 29.65 [25.55–30.87] |
CCI (score) | |
0–1 (%) | 28.6 |
2–3 (%) | 31.4 |
≥4 (%) | 40 |
Smoking habits | |
Current smoker (%) | 8.6 |
Former smoker (%) | 60.8 |
Main comorbidities | |
COPD (%) | 21 |
Arterial hypertension (%) | 40 |
Diabetes (%) | 15 |
Obesity (%) | 21 |
ARDS severity at admission | |
PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 271 [238–305] |
mild ARDS a (%) | 94 |
moderate ARDS b (%) | 6 |
severe ARDS c (%) | 0 |
OR | 95% CI | p * | |
---|---|---|---|
AGE | 0.999 | 0.883; 1.131 | 0.990 |
TT | 0.109 | 0.0129; 0.916 | <0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2 | 0.950 | 0.915; 0.987 | <0.001 |
OR | 95% CI | p * | |
---|---|---|---|
AGE | 0.974 | 0.873; 1.086 | 0.624 |
cFT | 0.450 | 0.209; 0.969 | 0.001 |
PaO2/FiO2 | 0.953 | 0.917; 0.989 | <0.001 |
Biochemical Assessment | Admission (T0) | Discharge (T1) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|
WBC (109/L) | 7.58 [4.92–12.98] | 9.12 [6.417–12.452] | 0.572 |
LYM (109/L) | 0.94 [0.57–1.14] | 1.15 [1.355–2.26] | <0.001 |
PLT (109/L) | 227 [177–307] | 243 [198.7–352] | 0.102 |
CRP (mg/L) | 58.2 [22.9–136.7] | 8 [3.3–12.3] | <0.001 |
PCT (ng/mL) | 0.14 [0.06–0.42] | 0.09 [0.045–0.46] | 0.028 |
D-DIMER (ng/mL) | 1030 [429–1703] | 1050 [298–1560] | 0.219 |
LDH (IU/L) | 659 [500–852.25] | 458 [391–710.5] | 0.001 |
FERRITIN (mg/dL) | 1098 [634–1983.25] | 796 [453.5–1252.5] | <0.001 |
Hormonal parameters | |||
TT (ng/mL) | 1.98 [1.30–2.72] | 2.695 [1.26–3.43] | 0.038 |
cFT (ng/mL) | 0.0441 [0.0256–0.0742] | 0.0702 [0.0314–0.0778] | 0.017 |
E2 (pg/mL) | 22 [19–34.20] | 18.75 [14.75–30.25] | 0.131 |
LH (UI/L) | 5.3 [3.20–7.10] | 2.83 [2.02–5.5] | <0.001 |
FSH (UI/L) | 4.9 [3.40–7.40] | 4.45 [3.30–8.97] | 0.591 |
InhB (pg/mL) | 60.75 [25.35–88.02] | 77.05 [51.15–134.50] | <0.001 |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 25.8 [18.4–36.1] | 24.65 [16.75–33.05] | 0.099 |
ALB (g/dL) | 3.4 [3.07–3.62] | 3.45 [3.02–3.70] | 0.202 |
PRL (ng/mL) | 12 [8.1–16] | 17.05 [9.8–23.67] | 0.002 |
25OHD (ng/mL) | 12.5 [7.7–23.8] | 16 [12.7–22.17] | 0.667 |
PSA (ng/mL) | 0.8 [0.4–2.7] | 1.25 [0.57–2.37] | 0.473 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Marinelli, L.; Beccuti, G.; Zavattaro, M.; Cagnina, S.; Gesmundo, I.; Bona, C.; Lopez, C.; Scabini, S.; Canta, F.; Mornese Pinna, S.; et al. Testosterone as a Biomarker of Adverse Clinical Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040820
Marinelli L, Beccuti G, Zavattaro M, Cagnina S, Gesmundo I, Bona C, Lopez C, Scabini S, Canta F, Mornese Pinna S, et al. Testosterone as a Biomarker of Adverse Clinical Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(4):820. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040820
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarinelli, Lorenzo, Guglielmo Beccuti, Marco Zavattaro, Serena Cagnina, Iacopo Gesmundo, Chiara Bona, Chiara Lopez, Silvia Scabini, Francesca Canta, Simone Mornese Pinna, and et al. 2022. "Testosterone as a Biomarker of Adverse Clinical Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia" Biomedicines 10, no. 4: 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040820