Aloperine: A Potent Modulator of Crucial Biological Mechanisms in Multiple Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Regulation of Apoptosis
3. Modulatory Effects on the Cell Cycle
4. Modulation of Autophagy
5. Inhibitory Effects of Aloperine on Tumor Cell Invasion and Migration
Apoptosis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pathological Conditions | Cell Lines | Animal Model | Dosage | Regulatory Effects of Aloperine | Ref. | |
In Vitro (µM) | In Vivo | |||||
Multiple Myeloma | U266 and MM.1S | SCID NOD mice | 50/100/250/500 | 20 mg/kg | Induced Caspase-dependent apoptosis | [12] |
Prostate cancer | PC3, DU145 and LNCaP | BALB/C mice | 100/200 | 30 mg/kg | Induced Caspase dependent apoptosis | [22] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hep3B and Huh7 | Zebrafish embryo | 200/350/500 | 100 µM, 150 µM | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [23] |
Osteosarcoma | MG-63 and U2OS | --------- | 100/200 | --------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [11] |
Colon cancer | HCT116 | --------- | 250/500 | -------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [14] |
Breast cancer | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 | --------- | 100/200/400 | --------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [26] |
I/R-Induced Renal Injury | RAW264.7 and HK2 | C57BL/6 mice | 500 | 50 mg/kg | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [15] |
Thyroid Cancer | IHH-4,8505c and KMH-2 | --------- | 100/200 | --------- | Induced Caspase-dependent apoptosis | [30] |
Leukemia | HL-60 | --------- | 50/100 | --------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [7] |
Alzheimer’s disease | N2a/Swe.D9 | --------- | 100 | --------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [43] |
Non-small cell lung cancer | H1944 and NCI-H1869 | BALB/C nude mice | 250 | 30 mg/kg | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [24] |
Intervertebral disc degeneration | Nucleus Pulposus cells | Sprague-Dawley rats | 100 | --------- | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [44] |
Bladder Cancer | EJ cells | --------- | 25/50/100 | --------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [59] |
OGD/RP neuronal injury | Hippocampal Neuronal cells | Sprague-Dawley rats | 100/200/400 | --------- | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [60] |
Colorectal Cancer | SW480 and HT29 | --------- | 200/400/800/1000 | --------- | Induced Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis | [40] |
Early brain injury | --------- | Sprague-Dawley rats | --------- | 75/150 mg/kg | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [17] |
I/R-Induced Cerebral injury | --------- | Sprague-Dawley rats | --------- | 2/25/50 mg/kg | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [16] |
Retinal pigment epithelial cells injury | ARPE-19 | --------- | 6.25/12.5/25 | --------- | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [19] |
DSS-Induced Colitis | Jurkat Cells | C57BL/6 mice | 250/500 | 40 mg/kg | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [29] |
Microembolisation-Induced cardiac Injury | --------- | Sprague-Dawley rats | --------- | 200 mg/kg | Inhibition of Apoptosis | [61] |
Cell Cycle | ||||||
Prostate cancer | PC3, DU145 and LNCaP | BALB/C mice | 100/200 | 30 mg/kg | G1 phase arrest | [22] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hep3B and Huh7 | Zebrafish embryo | 200/350/500 | 100 µM, 150 µM | G2 phase arrest | [23] |
Colon cancer | HCT116 | --------- | 250/500 | --------- | G2 phase arrest | [14] |
Thyroid Cancer | IHH-4,8505c and KMH-2 | --------- | 100/200 | --------- | No impact on Cell Cycle | [30] |
Non-small cell lung cancer | H1944 and NCI-H1869 | BALB/C nude mice | 250 | 30 mg/kg | G1 phase arrest | [24] |
Liver cancer | SNU-182 | --------- | 5 | --------- | G2 phase arrest | [21] |
Autophagy | ||||||
Thyroid Cancer | KMH-2 and IHH-4 | --------- | 200 | --------- | Autophagy induction | [27] |
Thyroid Cancer | 8505c | --------- | 200 | --------- | Autophagy inhibition | [27] |
Leukaemia | HL-60 | --------- | 50/100 | --------- | Autophagy induction | [7] |
Migration and Invasion | ||||||
Breast cancer | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 | --------- | 100/200/400 | --------- | Inhibition of Migration and Invasion | [26] |
Liver cancer | SNU-182 | --------- | 5 | --------- | Inhibition of Migration and Invasion | [21] |
6. Modulatory Effects on PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling
7. Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling
8. Activation of Nrf2 Signaling
9. Inhibition of Ras Signaling
PI3K/Akt and Other Downstream Molecules Signaling | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pathological Conditions | Cell Lines | Animal Model | Dosage | Regulatory Effects of Aloperine | Ref. | |
In Vitro (µM) | In Vivo | |||||
Prostate cancer | PC3, DU145 and LNCaP | BALB/C mice | 100/200 | 30 mg/kg | Inhibition of Akt/ERK signaling | [22] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | Hep3B and Huh7 | Zebrafish embryo | 200/350/500 | 100 µM, 150 µM | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling | [23] |
Osteosarcoma | MG-63 and U2OS | --------- | 100/200 | --------- | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling | [11] |
Colon cancer | HCT116 | --------- | 250/500 | --------- | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling | [14] |
I/R-Induced Renal Injury | RAW264.7 and HK2 | C57BL/6 mice | 500 | 50 mg/kg | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling | [15] |
Thyroid Cancer | KMH-2 and IHH-4 | --------- | 200 | --------- | Inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling | [27] |
Thyroid Cancer | IHH-4,8505c and KMH-2 | -------- | 100/200 | ------- | Inhibition of Akt signaling | [30] |
DSS-Induced Colitis | Jurkat Cells | C57BL/6 mice | 250/500 | 40 mg/kg | Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling | [29] |
Microembolisation-Induced cardiac Injury | --------- | Sprague-Dawley rats | --------- | 200 mg/kg | Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling | [61] |
I/R-Induced Cerebral injury | --------- | Sprague-Dawley rats | --------- | 2/25/50 mg/kg | Activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling | [16] |
NF-κB Signaling | ||||||
Allergic airway inflammation | --------- | BALB/c mice | --------- | 100/200 mg/kg | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling | [18] |
Neuropathic pain | --------- | ICR mice | --------- | 80 mg/kg | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling | [31] |
Intervertebral disc degeneration | Nucleus Pulposus cells | Sprague-Dawley rats | 100 | ------- | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling | [44] |
Pulmonary arterial hypertension | --------- | Sprague-Dawley rats | --------- | 25/50/100 mg/kg | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling | [124] |
Osteoporosis | RAW264.7 | C57BL/6 mice | 20 | 30 mg/Kg | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling | [121] |
LPS-induced macrophage activation | RAW264.7 | --------- | 50/100 | --------- | Inhibition of NF-κB signaling | [111] |
Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling | ||||||
Allergic airway inflammation | --------- | BALB/c mice | --------- | 100/200 mg/kg | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling | [18] |
Retinal pigment epithelial cells injury | ARPE-19 | --------- | 6.25/12.5/25 | --------- | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling | [19] |
High Glucose induced Schwann cells injury | RSC96 cells | --------- | 1/10/50 | --------- | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling | [21] |
CCl4 induced mouse hepatic injury | --------- | C57BL/6 mice | --------- | 50/100 mg/kg | Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling | [147] |
Ras Signaling | ||||||
Breast cancer | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 | --------- | 100/200/400 | --------- | Inhibition of Ras signaling | [26] |
Bladder Cancer | EJ cells | ---------- | 25/50/100 | --------- | Inhibition of Ras signaling | [59] |
10. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AHR | Airway hyper-responsiveness |
ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
ALT | Alanine transaminase |
AMD | Age-related macular degeneration |
Apaf-1 | Protease activating factor-1 |
ARE | Antioxidant response element |
AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
BAFFR | B-cell activating factor receptor |
Bax | Bcl2-associated X protein |
Bcl2 | B-cell lymphoma 2 |
BMM | Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages |
CCI | Chronic constriction injury (CCI) |
CCl4 | Carbon Tetrachloride |
CD40 | Cluster of differentiation 40 |
Cdc2 | Cell-Division Cycle 2 |
Cdc25C | Cell division cycle 25 |
CDK | Cyclin-dependent protein kinase |
cFLIP | Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein |
CL | Clearance |
CME | Coronary micro-embolization |
CNC | Cap ‘n’ collar |
CO | Carbon monoxide |
DSS | Dextran sodium sulfate |
E2F1 | E2F Transcription Factor 1 |
EGF | Epidermal growth factor |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
EMT | Epithelial-mesenchymal transition |
ERK | Extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
ERK1/2 | Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 |
FADD | Fas-associated death domain |
GRO1 | Growth Regulated Oncogene 1 |
GST | Glutathione S-transferase |
GTP | guanosine 5’-triphosphate |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase-1 |
IkBα | Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha |
IKK | IκB kinase |
IL-13 | Interleukin-13 |
IL-4 | Interleukin-4 |
IL-5 | Interleukin-5 |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IR | Ischemia and reperfusion |
LC3 | 1A/1B-light chain 3 |
LTβR | Lymphotoxin beta receptor |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
MCAO | Middle cerebral artery occlusion |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
MEK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase |
MEK1/2 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 |
MMP | Matrix metalloproteinases |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
NADPH | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate |
NF-kB | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
NIK | NF-κB-inducing kinase |
NQO1 | NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer. |
OGD-RP | Oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion |
PAH | Pulmonary arterial hypertension |
PARP | Poly ADP ribose polymerase |
PI | Propidium Iodide |
PI3K | Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and PI3 kinase. |
Rb | Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein |
PRR | Pattern recognition receptor |
RANK | Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB |
RANKL | Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RPE | Retinal pigment epithelium |
RTK | Receptor tyrosine kinase |
SFDA | Chinese state food and drug administration |
Snail | Zinc finger protein SNAI1 |
Th17 | T helper cell 17 |
T1/2 | Half-life |
Tmax | Time to reach maximum concentration |
TNFR | TNF receptors TNFR1 |
TNF-α | Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha |
TRAIL | Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand |
TRAIL-R1/2 | Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand Receptor 1/2 |
Tregs | Regulatory T-cells |
Twist1 | Twist-related protein 1 |
Vd | Apparent volume of distribution |
XAR | Xenobiotic-activated receptor (XAR) |
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Tahir, M.; Ali, S.; Zhang, W.; Lv, B.; Qiu, W.; Wang, J. Aloperine: A Potent Modulator of Crucial Biological Mechanisms in Multiple Diseases. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040905
Tahir M, Ali S, Zhang W, Lv B, Qiu W, Wang J. Aloperine: A Potent Modulator of Crucial Biological Mechanisms in Multiple Diseases. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(4):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040905
Chicago/Turabian StyleTahir, Muhammad, Sakhawat Ali, Wenting Zhang, Boqiang Lv, Wenge Qiu, and Juan Wang. 2022. "Aloperine: A Potent Modulator of Crucial Biological Mechanisms in Multiple Diseases" Biomedicines 10, no. 4: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040905