The Role of STAMP2 in Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases Focusing on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nomenclature of STAMP2
3. Structure and Function of STAMP2
3.1. Cellular Location
3.2. Crystal Structures and Functional Motifs
3.3. Metalloreductase Activity
3.4. Endocytic and Exocytic Pathway
4. Regulation of STAMP2 Expression
5. STAMP2 in Type 2 Diabetes, Inflammatory Diseases, and Cancers
5.1. STAMP2 and Type 2 Diabetes
5.2. STAMP2 and Inflammatory Diseases
5.3. STAMP2 and Cancers
6. Pathogenesis of NAFLD and Therapeutic Approaches
6.1. Prevalence of NAFLD
6.2. Pathogenesis of NAFLD
6.3. Current Therapeutic Approaches to NAFLD
7. Role of STAMP2 in NAFLD Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies
8. STAMP2 Is a Hepatic-Iron-Overload-Targeted Modulator of NAFLD
8.1. Iron Homeostasis and NAFLD
8.2. STAMP2 and Iron Homeostasis
8.3. STAMP2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for NAFLD Accompanying HIO
9. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stimuli/Factors | Effect | Tissues/Cell Lines | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cytokines | TNFα | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes, mouse adipose tissue, human adipocytes, MH7A human synovial cell | [5,10,11,31,50,51] |
IL-6 | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes, murine adipose and liver tissue, human adipocytes | [5,49,51] | |
IL-1β | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes, differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells | [52] | |
IL-17 | ↑ | Murine keratinocyte | [53] | |
Leptin | ↓ | Human adipocytes | [5] | |
Nutritional status | Obese | ↑ | Human: Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissueMurine: Liver of HFD or genetically induced miceRabbit: Prostate in animals on high fat diet | [8,49,54,55] |
↓ | Human: Visceral adipose tissue, livers obtained from NAFLD patients Murine: Liver, visceral and brown adipose tissue of HFD or genetically induced mice | [9,23,25,26,27,49,50] | ||
Feeding | ↑ | Murine: Liver, and visceral, subcutaneous and brown adipose tissue | [10,49] | |
Fasting | ↓ | Murine: Liver, Skeletal Muscle, and visceral, subcutaneous and brown adipose tissue | [10,49] | |
Nutrients | Glucose | ↑ | MES13 murine mesangial cells | [22] |
Oleic acid | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | [10] | |
↓ | Liver tissue of mice on HFD, primary hepatocyte, HepG2 cells | [25,26,27] | ||
High serum | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | [10] | |
Hormones | Androgen | ↑ | Human prostate cancer cells: LNCaP, VCaP, 22Rv1 Visceral adipose tissue of rabbits on HFD | [33,43,56] |
↓ | Prostate tissue of rabbits fed on high fat diet | [55] | ||
insulin | ↓ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | [51] | |
Growth hormone | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | [51] | |
Transcription factors | C/EBPα | ↑ | Murine: Adipocytes, liver, HepG2 cells | [10,49] |
C/EBPβ | ↑ | HepG2 cells | [36] | |
STAT3 | ↑ | MES13 cells | [22,49] | |
LXRα | ↑ | 3T3-L1 murine adipocytes | [10] | |
Kinases | AMPK | ↑ | Murine: Liver, HepG2 cells | [26,27] |
JNK | ↑ | MES13 cells | [22] | |
PI3K | ↑ | MES13 cells | [22] | |
JAK2 | ↑ | MES13 cells | [22] | |
Etc. | Environmental disruptors, PCBs | ↓ | Murine: Liver, primary hepatocytes, HepG2 cells | [28] |
LPS | ↑ | Primary peritoneal macrophages, HepG2 cells | [16,36] |
Therapeutic Agents | MOA | Therapeutic Agents | MOA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidants | Vitamin E | antioxidant | Anti-hyperlipidemic agents | Statins | hypolipidemic action |
UDCA | cytoprotective agent | Fibrates | hypolipidemic action | ||
SAMe | antioxidant | Fenofibrate | hypolipidemic action | ||
Betaine | antioxidant | Gemfibrozil | hypolipidemic action | ||
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) | protects against oxidative stress | Ezetimibe | hypolipidemic action | ||
Insulin sensitizers | Metformin | biguanide | Anti-inflammatory drugs | OCA, Cilofexor, EDP-305, EYP 001 | FXR agonists |
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) | PPARγ agonist | Cenicriviroc | CCR2/5 antagonist | ||
Pioglitazone | PPARγ agonist | Metabolic enzyme inhibitors | Aramchol | SCD1 inhibitors | |
Elafibranor | dual PPARα/δ agonist | Firsocostat, PF-05221304 | ACC 1/2 inhibitors | ||
Saroglitazar | dual PPARα/δ agonist | PF-06835919 | Ketohexokinase inhibitors | ||
lanifibranor | pan-PPAR agonist | cilostazol | phosphodiesterase, PDE3 inhibitor | ||
Anti-hyperglycemic agents | Liraglutide, Semaglutide | GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) | Modulators of energy metabolism | VK2809, resmetirom (MGL-3196) | THRβ agonists |
Tirzepatide | Dual GLP-1/GIP RA | MSDC-0602 K | Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibitors | ||
Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin | DPP-4 inhibitors | NGM-282 | FGF19 analogs | ||
Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin | SGLT2 inhibitors | Pegbelfermin (BMS-986036) | FGF21 analogs |
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Kim, H.Y.; Yoo, Y.H. The Role of STAMP2 in Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases Focusing on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092082
Kim HY, Yoo YH. The Role of STAMP2 in Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases Focusing on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(9):2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092082
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hye Young, and Young Hyun Yoo. 2022. "The Role of STAMP2 in Pathogenesis of Chronic Diseases Focusing on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review" Biomedicines 10, no. 9: 2082. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10092082