Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Search Strategy and Selection Criteria
3. Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Encephalitis: General Concepts
4. MRI
5. CSF Analysis and Antibody Testing
6. EEG Findings
7. Malignancy Screening
8. Challenging Clinical Scenarios: NORSE and FIRES
9. Treatment
Immunotherapy
10. ASMs
11. Treatment of Status Epilepticus
12. Ketogenic Diets
13. Surgical Treatment
14. Outcome
15. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Ethical Publication Statement
References
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Autoantibody | Demographic and Oncologic Features | Clinical Specificities | Seizure Frequency | Status Epilepticus | EEG | MRI | Risk of Long-Term Epilepsy | ASMs Discontinuation Likely? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GABAbR | PNS (>50%): aged > 45 y, male predominance, smokers, associated anti-KCTD16 Abs and SCLC. Non-PNS: younger | LE | >90% | +++ | >80% abnormal, mostly over the temporal lobes | Frequent MTL HS | Low | Yes |
GABAaR | Non-PNS (>70%). Children can also be affected. PNS: thymoma | Encephalitis | >80% | +++ | Almost invariably abnormal | Multifocal, cortical-subcortical (ADEM-like) lesions | Moderate | Unknown |
NMDAR | PNS: ovarian teratomas in female aged between 12–45 y (50%). Elderly have less frequently tumors (<25%). Non-PNS: children | Encephalitis | >70% | ++ | 90% abnormal, with 3 stages: (i) excessive beta activity 14-20 Hz; (ii) EDB; (iii) GDA | Normal or nonspecific changes. Demyelinating lesions in a subgroup | Low | Yes |
LGI1 | Non-PNS (>90%): elderly, male predominance. PNS: thymoma (often with concomitant anti-CASPR2 and Morvan syndrome) | LE | >75% | + | Frequent subclinical seizures, often triggered by HV, but rare IEDs. FBDS may be preceded by contralateral F slow wave | Unilateral or bilateral MTL HS (normal in 25%) | Low-Moderate | Yes |
CASPR2 | Non-PNS (>70%): LE PNS: Morvan syndrome and concomitant LGI1 Abs | LE, Isaac syndrome, Morvan syndrome | >60% | + | Nonspecific findings | Usually normal (bilateral MTL HS in a minority of cases) | Low | Yes |
Autoantibody | Demographic and Oncologic Features | Clinical Specificities | Seizure Frequency | Status Epilepticus | EEG | MRI | Risk of Long-Term Epilepsy | ASMs Discontinuation Likely? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hu | PNS (85%): typically, middle-aged/elderly male smokers (tumors: mostly SCLC, less commonly NSCLC or others). ICI-triggered cases are possible. Non-PNS: younger (including children), no sex predominance | SNN, EM, and LE; some patients develop EPC | 10% overall (54% in LE) | + | Nonspecific findings | Limbic involvement (10–20%) | High if the limbic system is affected | No |
CV2/CRMP5 | PNS (>80%): typically, middle-aged/elderly with SCLC or thymoma | EM and SNN | 9–27% | − | Nonspecific findings | Limbic involvement (13–18%) | High if the limbic system is affected | No |
Ma2 | PNS (>75%): Young men with testicular cancer; older patients with SCLC. ICI-triggered cases are possible | LE, diencephalitis, and brainstem encephalitis | 30% overall (50% in LE) | + | Unilateral or bilateral IEDs mainly involving the temporal lobes | Frequent MTL HS, hypothalamus, thalamus, brainstem HS also possible | High | No |
GAD65 | Non-PNS (>85%): female predominance, median age is 30 y, systemic autoimmune comorbidities. PNS: older male patients with associated Abs | LE, cerebellar ataxia, and SPS | >80% | ++ | Temporal lobe ictal or IEDs | MTL HS in half of the cases | High | No |
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Vogrig, A.; Gigli, G.L.; Nilo, A.; Pauletto, G.; Valente, M. Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010044
Vogrig A, Gigli GL, Nilo A, Pauletto G, Valente M. Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(1):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010044
Chicago/Turabian StyleVogrig, Alberto, Gian Luigi Gigli, Annacarmen Nilo, Giada Pauletto, and Mariarosaria Valente. 2023. "Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians" Biomedicines 11, no. 1: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010044
APA StyleVogrig, A., Gigli, G. L., Nilo, A., Pauletto, G., & Valente, M. (2023). Seizures, Epilepsy, and NORSE Secondary to Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Biomedicines, 11(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010044