Differentiating Lumbar Spinal Etiology from Peripheral Plexopathies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Lumbosacral Plexus
3. Etiology
3.1. Lumbar Spine Pathology
3.1.1. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
3.1.2. Osteoarthritis
3.1.3. Ligamentum Flavum Thickening
3.1.4. Other Causes
3.2. Lumbosacral Plexopathy
3.2.1. Trauma
3.2.2. Metabolic and Inflammatory Causes
3.2.3. Neoplastic
3.2.4. Other Causes
4. Neurologic Consultation
4.1. Clinical Presentationand Physical Examination
4.1.1. Distinctions in Symptomatic Presentation
4.1.2. Physical Examination
4.2. Diagnostic Evaluation
4.2.1. Radiological Imaging
4.2.2. Electroneurography and Electromyography Studies
5. Treatment and Management
5.1. Conservative Approaches
5.2. Surgical Approaches
5.2.1. Laminectomy for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
5.2.2. Discectomy for Lumbar Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
5.2.3. Surgical Intervention Strategies for Lumbosacral Plexopathy
6. Emerging Treatment Options
6.1. Novel Conservative and Surgical Techniques
6.1.1. Approaches for Common Lumbar Spinal Pathologies
6.1.2. Approaches for Lumbosacral Plexopathies
6.2. Nerve Regeneration Strategies
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nerve | Muscles | Sensory Distribution | |
---|---|---|---|
Lumbar Plexus | Iliohypogastric (L1-2) | - | Inferior abdominal wall |
Ilioinguinal (L1-2) | - | Medial Groin | |
Genitofemoral (L1-2) | - | - | |
Lateral femoral cutaneous (L3-4) | - | Anterolateral thigh | |
Obturator (L2,3,4) | Adductor long Adductor magnus Gracilis | - | |
Femoral (L2,3,4) Saphenous (L2,3,4) | Quadriceps - | - Medial leg and foot | |
Sacral Plexus | Sup. Gluteal (L4-5) | Gluteus medius Tensor fascia lata | - |
Inf. Gluteal (L4-S1) | Gluteus maximus | - | |
Sciatic (L4-S2) | Anterior tibialis Peroneus longus Gastrocnemius Soleus Foot muscles | Foot Lateral leg | |
Pudendal (S2,3,4) | External anal sphincter | Perineal |
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Foreman, M.; Maddy, K.; Patel, A.; Reddy, A.; Costello, M.; Lucke-Wold, B. Differentiating Lumbar Spinal Etiology from Peripheral Plexopathies. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030756
Foreman M, Maddy K, Patel A, Reddy A, Costello M, Lucke-Wold B. Differentiating Lumbar Spinal Etiology from Peripheral Plexopathies. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(3):756. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030756
Chicago/Turabian StyleForeman, Marco, Krisna Maddy, Aashay Patel, Akshay Reddy, Meredith Costello, and Brandon Lucke-Wold. 2023. "Differentiating Lumbar Spinal Etiology from Peripheral Plexopathies" Biomedicines 11, no. 3: 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030756
APA StyleForeman, M., Maddy, K., Patel, A., Reddy, A., Costello, M., & Lucke-Wold, B. (2023). Differentiating Lumbar Spinal Etiology from Peripheral Plexopathies. Biomedicines, 11(3), 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030756