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Volume 12
Issue 4
10.3390/biomedicines12040826
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Review

NAFLD in the 21st Century: Current Knowledge Regarding Its Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapeutics

by
Dimitris Kounatidis
1,
Natalia G. Vallianou
2,*,
Eleni Geladari
3,
Maria Paraskevi Panoilia
2,
Anna Daskou
2,
Theodora Stratigou
4,
Irene Karampela
5,
Dimitrios Tsilingiris
6 and
Maria Dalamaga
7
1
Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, 114 Vassilissis Sofias str, 11527 Athens, Greece
2
First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 1 Sismanogliou str, 15126 Athens, Greece
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45–47Ipsilantou str, 10676 Athens, Greece
4
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45–47Ipsilantou str, 10676 Athens, Greece
5
2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, Attikon General University Hospital, University of Athens, 1 Rimini str., 12461 Athens, Greece
6
First Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Demokritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupoli, Greece
7
Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias str., 11527 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040826
Submission received: 19 March 2024 / Revised: 31 March 2024 / Accepted: 3 April 2024 / Published: 9 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases)
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Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health issue worldwide. It is the most common liver disease in Western countries, andits global prevalence is estimated to be up to 35%. However, its diagnosis may be elusive, because liver biopsy is relatively rarely performed and usually only in advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, several non-invasive scores may be applied to more easily diagnose and monitor NAFLD. In this review, we discuss the various biomarkers and imaging scores that could be useful in diagnosing and managing NAFLD. Despite the fact that general measures, such as abstinence from alcohol and modulation of other cardiovascular disease risk factors, should be applied, the mainstay of prevention and management is weight loss. Bariatric surgery may be suggested as a means to confront NAFLD. In addition, pharmacological treatment with GLP-1 analogues or the GIP agonist tirzepatide may be advisable. In this review, we focus on the utility of GLP-1 analogues and GIP agonists in lowering body weight, their pharmaceutical potential, and their safety profile, as already evidenced inanimal and human studies. We also elaborate on other options, such as the use of vitamin E, probiotics, especially next-generation probiotics, and prebiotics in this context. Finally, we explore future perspectives regarding the administration of GLP-1 analogues, GIP agonists, and probiotics/prebiotics as a means to prevent and combat NAFLD. The newest drugs pegozafermin and resmetiron, which seem to be very promising, arealso discussed.
Keywords: GLP-1 analogues; NAFLD; tirzepatide; probiotics; prebiotics; pegozafermin; resmetiron GLP-1 analogues; NAFLD; tirzepatide; probiotics; prebiotics; pegozafermin; resmetiron

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kounatidis, D.; Vallianou, N.G.; Geladari, E.; Panoilia, M.P.; Daskou, A.; Stratigou, T.; Karampela, I.; Tsilingiris, D.; Dalamaga, M. NAFLD in the 21st Century: Current Knowledge Regarding Its Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040826

AMA Style

Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Geladari E, Panoilia MP, Daskou A, Stratigou T, Karampela I, Tsilingiris D, Dalamaga M. NAFLD in the 21st Century: Current Knowledge Regarding Its Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(4):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040826

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kounatidis, Dimitris, Natalia G. Vallianou, Eleni Geladari, Maria Paraskevi Panoilia, Anna Daskou, Theodora Stratigou, Irene Karampela, Dimitrios Tsilingiris, and Maria Dalamaga. 2024. "NAFLD in the 21st Century: Current Knowledge Regarding Its Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapeutics" Biomedicines 12, no. 4: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040826

APA Style

Kounatidis, D., Vallianou, N. G., Geladari, E., Panoilia, M. P., Daskou, A., Stratigou, T., Karampela, I., Tsilingiris, D., & Dalamaga, M. (2024). NAFLD in the 21st Century: Current Knowledge Regarding Its Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Biomedicines, 12(4), 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040826

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