Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Host’s Immune Response, Tolerance, and Resistance
1.2. Sickness Behavior and Microglial Response
1.3. Microglia and Toxoplasmosis
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Handling, Anesthesia, and the Instillation of T. gondii into the Eye
2.2. Behavioral Testing: Open Field and Olfactory Discrimination
- -
- Open Field Test
- -
- Olfactory Discrimination Test
2.3. Histological and Immunohistochemical Procedures
2.4. Stereological Counting Procedures
- -
- Microscopy and Optical Fractionator
- -
- Area and objects of interest
2.5. Three-Dimensional Reconstructions
2.6. Stereological Sampling Approach and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis to Classify Microglia
3. Results
3.1. Comparative Microglial Numerical Changes in Control and T. gondii-Infected Mice
3.2. Behavioral Changes
- Mouse preference in the three-chamber olfactory test and in the open arena
3.3. Microglial Morphotypes in T. gondii-Infected and Control Mice
4. Discussion
- -
- Technical limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Animal | Total Number | Thickness (µm) | Scheaffer CE |
---|---|---|---|
(Uninfected Swiss albino) | |||
Animal 6 | 4448 | 41.20 | 0.042 |
Animal 7 | 4243 | 40.50 | 0.043 |
Animal 12M | 6018 | 34.80 | 0.046 |
Animal 6M | 5688 | 35.20 | 0.048 |
Animal 7M | 3913 | 22.50 | 0.043 |
Mean | 4862 | 34.84 | 0.043 |
SD | 931.9 | 7.498 | 0.044 |
CV | 0.191 | 0.215 | |
CV² | 0.036 | 0.046 | |
CE2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
CE² / CV² | 0.027 | 0.021 | |
CV²—CE² | 0.035 | 0.045 | |
CVB² (%) | 97.22 | 97.82 | |
(12 DPI Infected Swiss albino) | |||
Animal 18 | 6392 | 34.80 | 0.032 |
Animal 22 | 7355 | 41.00 | 0.033 |
Animal 37 | 8793 | 51.50 | 0.033 |
Animal 41 | 8640 | 37.40 | 0.029 |
Animal 42 | 8347 | 38.10 | 0.029 |
Animal 43 | 8229 | 51.00 | 0.037 |
Mean | 7959 | 42.30 | 0.032 |
SD | 916.8 | ||
CV | 0.115 | 0.170 | |
CV2 | 0.013 | 0.020 | |
CE2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
CE2/CV2 | 0.076 | 0.050 | |
CV2−CE2 | 0.012 | 0.019 | |
CVB2 (%) | 92.30 | 95.00 |
Animal | Thickness (µm) | No. of Sections | No. of Probes | Probe (µm) | Grid (µm) | Dissector Height (µm) | Interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | |||||||
Animal 6 | 41.2 | 6 | 721 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 7 | 40.5 | 6 | 706 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 12M | 34.8 | 5 | 492 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/5 |
Animal 6M | 35.2 | 5 | 438 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/5 |
Animal 7M | 22.5 | 5 | 420 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/5 |
12 DPI | |||||||
Animal 18 | 34.8 | 5 | 638 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 22 | 41.0 | 6 | 810 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 37 | 51.5 | 6 | 797 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 41 | 37.4 | 6 | 907 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 42 | 38.1 | 5 | 808 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
Animal 43 | 51.0 | 6 | 661 | 50 × 50 | 70 × 70 | 15 | 1/3 |
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Diniz, D.G.; de Oliveira, J.H.P.; Guerreiro, L.C.F.; de Menezes, G.C.; de Assis, A.C.L.; Duarte, T.Q.; dos Santos, I.B.D.; Maciel, F.D.; Soares, G.L.d.S.; Araújo, S.C.; et al. Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071420
Diniz DG, de Oliveira JHP, Guerreiro LCF, de Menezes GC, de Assis ACL, Duarte TQ, dos Santos IBD, Maciel FD, Soares GLdS, Araújo SC, et al. Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(7):1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071420
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiniz, Daniel G., Jhonnathan H. P. de Oliveira, Luma C. F. Guerreiro, Gabriel C. de Menezes, Alexa C. L. de Assis, Tainá Q. Duarte, Izabelly B. D. dos Santos, Flávia D. Maciel, Gabrielly L. da S. Soares, Sanderson C. Araújo, and et al. 2024. "Contrasting Disease Progression, Microglia Reactivity, Tolerance, and Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Two Mouse Strains" Biomedicines 12, no. 7: 1420. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071420