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Volume 12
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Review

Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic?

by
Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
1,*,
Julia Segura-Uribe
2,
Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
3,
Tzayaka Castillo-Mendieta
3,
Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
3,
Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo
3,
Carlos Orozco-Barrios
1,
Sandra Orozco-Suarez
3,
Iris Feria-Romero
3,
Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán
4,
Gabriela Moralí de la Brena
5 and
Christian Guerra-Araiza
5,*
1
CONAHCyT-Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
2
Subdirección de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
3
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
4
Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
5
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(7), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071478
Submission received: 24 April 2024 / Revised: 11 June 2024 / Accepted: 26 June 2024 / Published: 4 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traumatic CNS Injury: From Bench to Bedside)
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Abstract

The primary mechanism of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) comprises the initial mechanical trauma due to the transmission of energy to the spinal cord, subsequent deformity, and persistent compression. The secondary mechanism of injury, which involves structures that remained undamaged after the initial trauma, triggers alterations in microvascular perfusion, the liberation of free radicals and neurotransmitters, lipid peroxidation, alteration in ionic concentrations, and the consequent cell death by necrosis and apoptosis. Research in the treatment of SCI has sought to develop early therapeutic interventions that mitigate the effects of these pathophysiological mechanisms. Clinical and experimental evidence has demonstrated the therapeutic benefits of sex-steroid hormone administration after traumatic brain injury and SCI. The administration of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone has been associated with neuroprotective effects, better neurological recovery, and decreased mortality after SCI. This review evaluated evidence supporting hormone-related neuroprotection over SCI and the possible underlying mechanisms in animal models. As neuroprotection has been associated with signaling pathways, the effects of these hormones are observed on astrocytes and microglia, modulating the inflammatory response, cerebral blood flow, and metabolism, mediating glutamate excitotoxicity, and their antioxidant effects. Based on the current evidence, it is essential to analyze the benefit of sex steroid hormone therapy in the clinical management of patients with SCI.
Keywords: sex steroid hormones; spinal cord injury; estradiol; progesterone; testosterone; neuroprotection sex steroid hormones; spinal cord injury; estradiol; progesterone; testosterone; neuroprotection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Coyoy-Salgado, A.; Segura-Uribe, J.; Salgado-Ceballos, H.; Castillo-Mendieta, T.; Sánchez-Torres, S.; Freyermuth-Trujillo, X.; Orozco-Barrios, C.; Orozco-Suarez, S.; Feria-Romero, I.; Pinto-Almazán, R.; et al. Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic? Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071478

AMA Style

Coyoy-Salgado A, Segura-Uribe J, Salgado-Ceballos H, Castillo-Mendieta T, Sánchez-Torres S, Freyermuth-Trujillo X, Orozco-Barrios C, Orozco-Suarez S, Feria-Romero I, Pinto-Almazán R, et al. Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic? Biomedicines. 2024; 12(7):1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071478

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coyoy-Salgado, Angélica, Julia Segura-Uribe, Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos, Tzayaka Castillo-Mendieta, Stephanie Sánchez-Torres, Ximena Freyermuth-Trujillo, Carlos Orozco-Barrios, Sandra Orozco-Suarez, Iris Feria-Romero, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, and et al. 2024. "Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic?" Biomedicines 12, no. 7: 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071478

APA Style

Coyoy-Salgado, A., Segura-Uribe, J., Salgado-Ceballos, H., Castillo-Mendieta, T., Sánchez-Torres, S., Freyermuth-Trujillo, X., Orozco-Barrios, C., Orozco-Suarez, S., Feria-Romero, I., Pinto-Almazán, R., Moralí de la Brena, G., & Guerra-Araiza, C. (2024). Evaluating Sex Steroid Hormone Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury in Animal Models: Is It Promising in the Clinic? Biomedicines, 12(7), 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071478

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