Advanced Glycation End-Products Acting as Immunomodulators for Chronic Inflammation, Inflammaging and Carcinogenesis in Patients with Diabetes and Immune-Related Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. High Blood Sugar as a Modifiable Environmental Factor Inducing Persistent Epigenetic Changes in Patients with Glycemic Trait for Insulin Resistance
3. Mechanisms of AGEs as a Major Source of Oxidants Implicating in Diabetic Nephropathy, Tissue Inflammation and Aging
3.1. The Link of Circulating AGEs to Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, Aging, and Age-Related Diseases
3.2. The Interaction of AGEs with Its Receptor RAGE in Inducing Inflammation via ROS Formation as Reflected by Increasing p66shc Protein Expression
3.3. The Cellular Basis of AGE-RAGE Interactions in the Inflammatory Responses of Diabetic Patients
4. AGE-RAGE Signaling in Mediating the Pathogenesis of Inflamm-Aging
4.1. Effects of AGE and RAGE Interaction in the Inflamm-Aging of Various Immune-Related Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases
4.2. The Factors Involving in the Exogenous AGEs Formation and the Interventions for Patients with LSRD
5. The Roles of AGE-RAGE Axis in Cancer Risk
5.1. Molecular Basis of Adipokine and Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity and T2DM Association with Cancer Risk
5.2. The Roles of AGE-RAGE Axis on Cancer Metabolic and Apoptotic Signaling Pathways for Promoting Cancer Progression
5.3. The Roles of Dietary Processed Food-Related AGEs on Cancer Risk
5.4. Implications of RAGE on Predicting the Cancer Incidence in Obesity
6. The Pathological Effects of Other Reducing Sugar-Related Glycation End-Products in Human Diseases
6.1. The Pathological Roles of Fructose-Related AGEs on Human Disease
6.2. The Molecular Basis of Fructose-Related AGE Involving in the Different Degenerative Diseases
6.3. Pathological Effects of D-Ribose- and 2′-Deoxyribose-Induced Protein Glycations on Human Diseases
6.4. D-Galacose-Related Protein Glycation in Daily Clinical Practice
6.5. Pathological Effects of Glycosylated-Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) on Human Diseases
6.6. Increased DNA Glycation in Patients with T2DM
7. Unveiling the Molecular Basis of Inflamm-Aging, Vasculopathy and Carcinogenesis Induced by AGE-Albumin
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shen, C.-Y.; Lu, C.-H.; Cheng, C.-F.; Li, K.-J.; Kuo, Y.-M.; Wu, C.-H.; Liu, C.-H.; Hsieh, S.-C.; Tsai, C.-Y.; Yu, C.-L. Advanced Glycation End-Products Acting as Immunomodulators for Chronic Inflammation, Inflammaging and Carcinogenesis in Patients with Diabetes and Immune-Related Diseases. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081699
Shen C-Y, Lu C-H, Cheng C-F, Li K-J, Kuo Y-M, Wu C-H, Liu C-H, Hsieh S-C, Tsai C-Y, Yu C-L. Advanced Glycation End-Products Acting as Immunomodulators for Chronic Inflammation, Inflammaging and Carcinogenesis in Patients with Diabetes and Immune-Related Diseases. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081699
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Chieh-Yu, Cheng-Hsun Lu, Chiao-Feng Cheng, Ko-Jen Li, Yu-Min Kuo, Cheng-Han Wu, Chin-Hsiu Liu, Song-Chou Hsieh, Chang-Youh Tsai, and Chia-Li Yu. 2024. "Advanced Glycation End-Products Acting as Immunomodulators for Chronic Inflammation, Inflammaging and Carcinogenesis in Patients with Diabetes and Immune-Related Diseases" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081699