Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories
Abstract
:1. Urine in Diagnosis—An Overview
2. Urine Analysis—A Summary
3. Ions in Urine as Biomarkers
4. Ions’ Quantification
4.1. Gravimetry
4.2. Titration
4.3. Flame Emission Specrtophotometry
4.4. Fluorimetry
4.5. Potentiometry
4.6. Chromatography
4.7. Electrophoresis
4.8. Kinetic Colorimetric Tests
4.9. Enzymatic Colorimetric Assays
4.10. Flow Cytometry
4.11. Atomic Absorption
4.12. Plasma Emission Spectrometry
4.13. Paper-Based Devices
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
EDTA | Ethylene-diamino-tetraacetic acid |
G6P | Glucose-6-phosphate |
NADP+ | Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate |
AAS | Atomic absorption spectrometry |
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Ferrão, A.R.; Pestana, P.; Borges, L.; Palmeira-de-Oliveira, R.; Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A.; Martinez-de-Oliveira, J. Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848
Ferrão AR, Pestana P, Borges L, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J. Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerrão, Ana Rita, Paula Pestana, Lígia Borges, Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira, and José Martinez-de-Oliveira. 2024. "Quantification of Ions in Human Urine—A Review for Clinical Laboratories" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081848