Feasibility, Safety, and Effects of an Aerobic Training Program with Blood Flow Restriction on Functional Capacity, and Symptomatology in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
- Self-management: the subject’s ability to perform the training and manage its relative intensity autonomously with the visual analog scale (VAS) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE);
- Attendance: number of exercise sessions the participant completed;
- Dropout: number of participants who completed the treatment.
- No abnormal biochemical findings or exacerbations of pain or perceived exertion;
- No alterations in oxygen saturation (SpO2) or heart rate (HR).
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feasibility and Safety
3.2. Symptomatology
3.3. Hematological and Biochemical Parameters
3.4. Functional Capacity
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths of the Study
4.2. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
6. Practical Applications
- Use of the visual pain scale (VAS) to individually quantify the cuff pressure of blood flow restriction at each session in patients with fibromyalgia.
- Use of the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) to quantify the daily effort of blood flow restriction training in patients with fibromyalgia.
- Prescription of aerobic training with blood flow restriction as an adjuvant tool in fibromyalgia to improve the long-term exercise adherence rate.
- The prescription of aerobic training with blood flow restriction to improve the lipid profile in pathologies compatible with metabolic syndrome or in people with dyslipidemia.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 13) | Intervention BFR (n = 7) | Non-Intervention (n = 6) | Compliance BFR (n = 6) | Non-Compliance BFR (n = 1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.3 ± 3.2 | 58.1 ± 2 | 60.8 ± 3.9 | 58± 2.1 | 59 ± 0 |
Height (cm) | 159.7 ± 5.4 | 161.1 ± 5.1 | 158.1 ± 5.8 | 160 ± 5.4 | 164 ± 0 |
Mass (kg) | 66.5 ± 10.8 | 66.4 ± 10 | 66.5 ± 12.5 | 65.3 ± 10.5 | 73 ± 0 |
BMI (kg m2) | 26 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 3.1 | 26.5 ± 4.8 | 25.2 ± 3.4 | 27.1 ± 0 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 128.8 ± 5.8 | 124.1 ± 2.8 | 134.3 ± 2.3 | 124 ± 3 | 125 ± 0 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.4 ± 8 | 75.5 ± 5.5 | 83.5 ± 6 | 74.6 ± 5.4 | 80 ± 0 |
* Pharmacotherapy | |||||
Paracetamol 1 g | 13 (100) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 6 (100) | 1 (100) |
Pregabalin 75 mg | 5 (38.4) | 3 (60) | 2 (33.3) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (100) |
Ibuprofen 400 mg | 13 (100) | 7 (100) | 6 (100) | 6 (100) | 1 (100) |
Metamizole 575 mg | 8 (62) | 3 (60) | 5 (83.3) | 3 (50) | 0 (0.0) |
Tramadol/paracetamol 37.5 mg + 325 mg | 7 (53.8) | 3 (42.8) | 4 (66.6) | 3 (50) | 0 (0.0) |
Fluoxetine 20 mg | 3 (23) | 1 (14.2) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Venlafaxina 75 mg | 4 (30.7) | 1 (14.2) | 3 (50) | 1 (16.6) | 0 (0.0) |
Group | M (SD) | p-Value | Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Qualitative Assessment | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | AE-BFR | 58.1 (2) | 0.177 | 0.76 (0.97) | 85/10/5 * | 0.239 |
AE | 60.8 (3.9) | |||||
Height (cm) | AE-BFR | 161.1 (5.1) | 0.358 | −0.5 (0.94) | 10/18/71 | 0.13 |
AE | 158.1 (5.8) | |||||
Mass (kg) | AE-BFR | 66.4 (10) | 0.981 | 0.01 (0.95) | 36/29/35 | 0.05 |
AE | 66.5 (12.5) | |||||
BMI (kg m2) | AE-BFR | 25.5 (3.1) | 0.663 | 0.23 (0.96) | 53/26/21 | 0.67 |
AE | 26.5 (4.8) | |||||
Systolic BP | AE-BFR | 124.1 (2.8) | <0.001 | 4.93 (0.91) | 100/0/0 *** | 1 * |
AE | 134.3 (2.3) | |||||
Diastolic BP | AE-BFR | 75.5 (5.5) | <0.001 | 3.21 (0.92) | 100/0/0 *** | 0.999 * |
AE | 83.5 (6) | |||||
Paracetamol (1000 mg) | AE-BFR | 1000 (0) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0/0/0 | 0.05 |
AE | 1000 (0) | |||||
Pregabalin (75 mg) | AE-BFR | 32 (40) | 0.751 | −0.17 (0.94) | 25/28/48 | 0.059 |
AE | 25 (38.7) | |||||
Ibuprofen (400 mg) | AE-BFR | 400 (0) | 1 | 0 (0) | 0/0/0 | 0.05 |
AE | 400 (0) | |||||
Metamizole (575 mg) | AE-BFR | 246.4 (307) | 0.153 | 0.79 (0.93) | 85/10/4 | 0.254 |
AE | 479.1 (234.7) | |||||
Tramadol/paracetamol (37.5 mg/325 mg) | AE-BFR | 135.3 (193.7) | 0.434 | 0.42 (0.94) | 66/21/13 | 0.106 |
AE | 242.1 (187.5) | |||||
Fluoxetine 20 (mg) | AE-BFR | 2.8 (7.5) | 0.474 | 0.39 (0.95) | 64/22/14 | 0.098 |
AE | 6.6 (10.3) | |||||
Venlafaxina (75 mg) | AE-BFR | 10.7 (28.3) | 0.215 | 0.7 (0.96) | 82/12/6 * | 0.21 |
AE | 37.5 (41) |
Group | M (SD) | p-Value | Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Qualitative Assessment | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Distance, meters | AE-BFR | 911 (303) | <0.001 | −0.77 (0.12) | 0/0/100 *** | 0.334 |
AE | 675 (180) | |||||
RPE, 0–10 | AE-BFR | 6.03 (1.36) | 0.117 | −0.24 (0.25) | 0/40/60 | 0.104 |
AE | 5.70 (1.60) |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p (Group × Time) | Between-Group Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Between-Group Qualitative Assessment of Difference | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SpO2 | AE-BFR | 98.64 (0.63) | 98.09 (1.13) | 0.255 | 0.17 (0.25) | 43/56/1 | 0.085 |
AE | 97.97 (1.08) | 97.64 (1.34) | |||||
HR | AE-BFR | 77.6 (10.5) | 98.7 (12.4) | <0.001 | −0.96 (0.19) | 0/0/100 *** | 0.462 |
AE | 72.7 (11.9) | 82.8 (13.6) | |||||
VAS | AE-BFR | 3.60 (1.84) | 3.72 (1.76) | 0.999 | 0.00 (0.23) | 8/85/7 | 0.050 |
AE | 3.99 (1.46) | 4.11 (1.47) |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p Pre-Post (Intra-Group) | Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Qualitative Assessment | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SpO2 | AE-BFR | 98.64 (0.63) | 98.09 (1.13) | <0.001 | −0.86 (0.30) | 0/0/100 *** | 0.399 |
AE | 97.97 (1.08) | 97.64 (1.34) | 0.035 | −0.31 (0.24) | 0/23/77 * | 0.126 | |
HR | AE-BFR | 77.6 (10.5) | 98.7 (12.4) | <0.001 | 2.00 (0.17) | 100/0/0 *** | 0.942 * |
AE | 72.7 (11.9) | 82.8 (13.6) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.14) | 100/0/0 *** | 0.386 | |
VAS | AE-BFR | 3.60 (1.84) | 3.72 (1.76) | 0.272 | 0.06 (0.10) | 1/99/0 ** | 0.061 |
AE | 3.99 (1.46) | 4.11 (1.47) | 0.289 | 0.08 (0.13) | 6/94/0 * | 0.065 |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p (Group × Time) | Between-Group Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Between-Group Qualitative Assessment of Difference | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WPI | AE-BFR | 12.3 (3.7) | 8.2 (4.2) | 0.045 | 1.25 (0.97) | 96/3/1 ** | 0.645 |
AE | 12.3 (3.9) | 12.2 (4.8) | |||||
Sscore | AE-BFR | 7.8 (2.3) | 5.3 (2.7) | 0.240 | 0.66 (0.98) | 80/13/7 * | 0.281 |
AE | 6.5 (1.9) | 6.2 (1.9) | |||||
FIQ total | AE-BFR | 48.3 (22.2) | 32.2 (13.3) | 0.091 | 1.01 (0.98) | 92/5/3 * | 0.494 |
AE | 47.7 (20.9) | 48.0 (19.0) | |||||
FIQ feel good | AE-BFR | 4.76 (3.58) | 3.34 (1.95) | 0.383 | 0.48 (0.97) | 70/19/11 | 0.192 |
AE | 3.30 (3.19) | 3.29 (2.13) | |||||
FIQ physical function | AE-BFR | 3.48 (2.32) | 3.14 (1.94) | 0.750 | 0.17 (0.98) | 48/27/25 | 0.085 |
AE | 4.29 (1.84) | 4.27 (2.03) | |||||
FIQ work | AE-BFR | 4.35 (2.69) | 2.75 (1.73) | 0.911 | 0.06 (0.98) | 40/28/32 | 0.061 |
AE | 5.97 (2.48) | 4.57 (2.92) | |||||
FIQ pain | AE-BFR | 4.83 (2.00) | 3.63 (1.84) | 0.430 | 0.44 (0.97) | 67/20/13 | 0.175 |
AE | 6.10 (2.30) | 5.75 (1.96) | |||||
FIQ fatigue | AE-BFR | 5.95 (2.03) | 4.47 (1.94) | 0.166 | 0.81 (1.00) | 86/9/5 * | 0.368 |
AE | 6.73 (1.88) | 7.20 (2.29) | |||||
FIQ morning tiredness | AE-BFR | 5.97 (1.84) | 3.45 (2.21) | 0.027 | 1.39 (0.97) | 97/2/1 ** | 0.724 |
AE | 5.72 (2.48) | 6.58 (2.64) | |||||
FIQ stiffness | AE-BFR | 5.80 (1.25) | 2.12 (1.12) | 0.002 | 2.39 (0.98) | 100/0/0 *** | 0.986 * |
AE | 5.68 (2.20) | 6.20 (2.07) | |||||
FIQ anxiety | AE-BFR | 5.32 (2.62) | 4.32 (2.11) | 0.893 | −0.07 (0.98) | 30/29/40 | 0.063 |
AE | 4.87 (2.80) | 3.68 (2.96) | |||||
FIQ depression | AE-BFR | 4.52 (2.23) | 3.28 (1.80) | 0.833 | 0.11 (0.99) | 44/28/28 | 0.071 |
AE | 3.95 (2.93) | 3.00 (2.08) | |||||
MFI general fatigue | AE-BFR | 14.3 (1.4) | 12.2 (2.1) | 0.365 | 0.51 (0.98) | 71/18/11 | 0.206 |
AE | 16.0 (1.9) | 15.0 (3.2) | |||||
MFI physical fatigue | AE-BFR | 13.8 (2.1) | 12.3 (2.8) | 0.254 | 0.63 (0.98) | 79/14/7 * | 0.265 |
AE | 12.8 (2.5) | 13.0 (1.8) | |||||
MFI reduced activity | AE-BFR | 10.8 (3.9) | 9.3 (2.4) | 0.177 | 0.79 (1.01) | 85/9/5 * | 0.356 |
AE | 9.7 (3.1) | 10.0 (3.1) | |||||
MFI reduced motivation | AE-BFR | 13.2 (3.2) | 12.3 (2.3) | 0.903 | −0.07 (0.97) | 31/28/40 | 0.063 |
AE | 10.7 (2.1) | 9.7 (3.5) | |||||
MFI mental fatigue | AE-BFR | 15.8 (1.9) | 15.3 (2.3) | 0.463 | −0.41 (0.97) | 14/21/65 | 0.163 |
AE | 14.5 (1.9) | 13.0 (2.6) |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p Pre-Post (Intra-Group) | Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Qualitative Assessment | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WPI | AE-BFR | 12.3 (3.7) | 8.2 (4.2) | 0.038 | −0.96 (0.69) | 1/3/96 ** | 0.462 |
AE | 12.3 (3.9) | 12.2 (4.8) | 0.822 | −0.04 (0.30) | 9/75/16 | 0.057 | |
Sscore | AE-BFR | 7.8 (2.3) | 5.3 (2.7) | 0.171 | −0.91 (1.15) | 5/8/87 * | 0.430 |
AE | 6.5 (1.9) | 6.2 (1.9) | 0.576 | −0.15 (0.51) | 11/46/43 | 0.080 | |
FIQ total | AE-BFR | 48.3 (22.2) | 32.2 (13.3) | 0.084 | −0.61 (0.57) | 2/9/90 * | 0.255 |
AE | 47.7 (20.9) | 48.0 (19.0) | 0.941 | 0.01 (0.31) | 14/75/11 | 0.052 | |
FIQ physical function | AE-BFR | 3.48 (2.32) | 3.14 (1.94) | 0.716 | −0.12 (0.64) | 18/41/41 | 0.073 |
AE | 4.29 (1.84) | 4.27 (2.03) | 0.973 | −0.01 (0.39) | 17/65/18 | 0.052 | |
FIQ feel good | AE-BFR | 4.76 (3.58) | 3.34 (1.95) | 0.350 | −0.34 (0.65) | 8/27/65 | 0.137 |
AE | 3.30 (3.19) | 3.29 (2.13) | 0.988 | 0.00 (0.34) | 14/71/15 | 0.050 | |
FIQ work | AE-BFR | 4.35 (2.69) | 2.75 (1.73) | 0.240 | −0.50 (0.76) | 6/17/77 * | 0.201 |
AE | 5.97 (2.48) | 4.57 (2.92) | 0.316 | −0.48 (0.86) | 9/19/73 | 0.192 | |
FIQ pain | AE-BFR | 4.83 (2.00) | 3.63 (1.84) | 0.196 | −0.50 (0.68) | 5/16/80 * | 0.201 |
AE | 6.10 (2.30) | 5.75 (1.96) | 0.609 | −0.13 (0.47) | 11/50/39 | 0.076 | |
FIQ fatigue | AE-BFR | 5.95 (2.03) | 4.47 (1.94) | 0.246 | −0.62 (0.95) | 7/14/79 * | 0.260 |
AE | 6.73 (1.88) | 7.20 (2.29) | 0.400 | 0.21 (0.46) | 52/42/7 | 0.096 | |
FIQ morning tiredness | AE-BFR | 5.97 (1.84) | 3.45 (2.21) | 0.020 | −1.15 (0.69) | 1/1/98 ** | 0.583 |
AE | 5.72 (2.48) | 6.58 (2.64) | 0.444 | 0.29 (0.71) | 60/29/11 | 0.120 | |
FIQ stiffness | AE-BFR | 5.80 (1.25) | 2.12 (1.12) | 0.003 | −2.49 (0.92) | 0/0/100 *** | 0.991 * |
AE | 5.68 (2.20) | 6.20 (2.07) | 0.462 | 0.20 (0.50) | 50/42/9 | 0.093 | |
FIQ anxiety | AE-BFR | 5.32 (2.62) | 4.32 (2.11) | 0.455 | −0.32 (0.80) | 12/26/61 | 0.130 |
AE | 4.87 (2.80) | 3.68 (2.96) | 0.035 | −0.36 (0.25) | 0/13/87 * | 0.144 | |
FIQ depression | AE-BFR | 4.52 (2.23) | 3.28 (1.80) | 0.323 | −0.47 (0.86) | 9/19/72 | 0.188 |
AE | 3.95 (2.93) | 3.00 (2.08) | 0.198 | −0.27 (0.37) | 3/33/65 | 0.114 | |
MFI general fatigue | AE-BFR | 14.3 (1.4) | 12.2 (2.1) | 0.056 | −1.34 (1.08) | 2/3/96 ** | 0.697 |
AE | 16.0 (1.9) | 15.0 (3.2) | 0.296 | −0.44 (0.77) | 8/20/73 | 0.175 | |
MFI physical fatigue | AE-BFR | 13.8 (2.1) | 12.3 (2.8) | 0.287 | −0.59 (1.00) | 9/15/77 * | 0.245 |
AE | 12.8 (2.5) | 13.0 (1.8) | 0.695 | 0.06 (0.27) | 17/77/6 | 0.061 | |
MFI reduced activity | AE-BFR | 10.8 (3.9) | 9.3 (2.4) | 0.237 | −0.33 (0.49) | 4/27/69 | 0.133 |
AE | 9.7 (3.1) | 10.0 (3.1) | 0.363 | 0.09 (0.18) | 14/84/1 | 0.067 | |
MFI reduced motivation | AE-BFR | 13.2 (3.2) | 12.3 (2.3) | 0.449 | −0.22 (0.54) | 9/38/53 | 0.099 |
AE | 10.7 (2.1) | 9.7 (3.5) | 0.300 | −0.41 (0.70) | 7/22/71 | 0.163 | |
MFI mental fatigue | AE-BFR | 15.8 (1.9) | 15.3 (2.3) | 0.542 | −0.22 (0.67) | 13/35/52 | 0.099 |
AE | 14.5 (1.9) | 13.0 (2.6) | 0.215 | −0.68 (0.96) | 6/12/82 * | 0.292 |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p (Group × Time) | Between-Group Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Between-Group Qualitative Assessment of Difference | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDA µmol/L | AE-BFR | 2.37 (0.59) | 2.46 (0.40) | 0.217 | −0.71 (0.98) | 6/12/82 * | 0.309 |
AE | 3.38 (1.09) | 2.77 (0.33) | |||||
CK ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.80 (0.20) | 0.59 (0.23) | 0.297 | 0.58 (0.97) | 76/16/9 * | 0.240 |
AE | 0.58 (0.18) | 0.58 (0.17) | |||||
GGT ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.593 | 0.28 (1.00) | 56/25/19 | 0.117 |
AE | 0.43 (0.22) | 0.58 (0.73) | |||||
GPT ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.845 | −0.11 (0.97) | 29/28/43 | 0.071 |
AE | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.04) | |||||
GOT ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.26 (0.10) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.628 | 0.26 (0.99) | 55/25/20 | 0.110 |
AE | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.25 (0.08) | |||||
ALP ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.89 (0.16) | 1.08 (0.52) | 0.396 | −0.47 (0.98) | 12/19/69 | 0.188 |
AE | 1.07 (0.44) | 1.01 (0.35) | |||||
Chol mmol/L | AE-BFR | 4.33 (0.75) | 5.04 (1.17) | 0.703 | −0.21 (0.97) | 23/26/51 | 0.096 |
AE | 4.42 (1.06) | 4.84 (0.52) | |||||
HDL mmol/L | AE-BFR | 1.45 (0.36) | 2.19 (0.31) | 0.070 | −1.09 (0.97) | 2/4/94 * | 0.545 |
AE | 1.64 (0.31) | 1.84 (0.15) | |||||
TG mmol/L | AE-BFR | 1.40 (0.69) | 1.71 (0.36) | 0.888 | 0.08 (0.98) | 41/28/31 | 0.065 |
AE | 1.27 (0.79) | 1.67 (0.80) | |||||
LDL mmol/L | AE-BFR | 2.73 (0.73) | 2.36 (0.72) | 0.258 | 0.63 (0.98) | 79/14/7 * | 0.265 |
AE | 2.54 (0.72) | 2.67 (0.34) | |||||
Urea mmol/L | AE-BFR | 3.41 (1.14) | 3.71 (2.09) | 0.091 | 1.01 (0.98) | 92/6/3 * | 0.494 |
AE | 3.84 (2.57) | 6.64 (2.37) | |||||
Cr umol/L | AE-BFR | 74.27 (9.67) | 92.84 (8.71) | 0.177 | −0.77 (0.97) | 5/10/85 * | 0.344 |
AE | 83.11 (12.6) | 89.3 (10.57) | |||||
Glucose mmol/L | AE-BFR | 4.02 (0.34) | 4.48 (0.56) | 0.328 | 0.55 (0.97) | 74/17/10 | 0.225 |
AE | 4.23 (0.96) | 5.18 (1.10) | |||||
Uric ac mmol/L | AE-BFR | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.433 | −0.44 (0.97) | 13/20/67 | 0.175 |
AE | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.04) | |||||
CoQ10 nmol/L | AE-BFR | 444.7 (149.9) | 499.8 (91.0) | 0.312 | −0.56 (0.98) | 9/16/75 | 0.230 |
AE | 736.1 (678.6) | 611.0 (319.2) | |||||
CoQ10/Chol, nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 92.07 (23.71) | 92.19 (22.17) | 0.379 | −0.90 (1.88) | 15/10/76 * | 0.424 |
AE | 149.47 (119.25) | 118.10 (70.75) | |||||
CoQ10/HDL, nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 295.57 (158.44) | 207.06 (31.54) | 0.936 | −0.05 (1.29) | 35/23/41 | 0.059 |
AE | 401.16 (329.57) | 302.26 (159.75) | |||||
CoQ10/LDL, nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 150.7 (46.19) | 203.31 (65.55) | 0.407 | −0.56 (1.24) | 14/16/71 | 0.230 |
AE | 258.74 (194.60) | 215.93 (135.12) | |||||
CoQ10/TG, nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 350.49 (154.47) | 339.77 (147.73) | 0.119 | −1.48 (1.58) | 4/4/92 * | 0.770 |
AE | 578.93 (443.81) | 396.19 (162.67) | |||||
TAC mmol/L | AE-BFR | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.03) | 0.547 | 0.33 (0.98) | 59/23/17 | 0.133 |
AE | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.29 (0.03) |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p Pre-Post (Intra-Group) | Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Qualitative Assessment | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CoQ10 nmol/L | AE-BFR | 444.7 (149.9) | 499.8 (91.0) | 0.405 | 0.31 (0.69) | 62/28/10 | 0.126 |
AE | 736.1 (678.6) | 611.0 (319.2) | 0.447 | −0.16 (0.38) | 6/53/41 | 0.083 | |
CoQ10/Chol nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 92.07 (23.71) | 92.19 (22.17) | 0.992 | 0.00 (0.86) | 33/34/33 | 0.050 |
AE | 149.47 (119.25) | 118.10 (70.75) | 0.245 | −0.22 (0.34) | 3/42/55 | 0.099 | |
CoQ10/HDL nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 295.5 (158.44) | 207.06 (31.54) | 0.237 | −0.47 (0.71) | 6/18/76 * | 0.188 |
AE | 401.16 (329.57) | 302.26 (159.75) | 0.251 | −0.25 (0.39) | 3/36/60 | 0.107 | |
CoQ10/TG nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 350.49 (154.47) | 339.77 (147.73) | 0.924 | −0.06 (1.17) | 34/25/41 | 0.061 |
AE | 578.93 (443.81) | 396.19 (162.67) | 0.274 | −0.35 (0.57) | 6/26/69 | 0.140 | |
CoQ10/LDL nmol/mmol | AE-BFR | 150.70 (46.19) | 203.31 (65.55) | 0.064 | 0.96 (0.82) | 94/4/2 * | 0.462 |
AE | 258.74 (194.60) | 215.93 (135.12) | 0.272 | −0.19 (0.30) | 3/51/46 | 0.091 | |
TAC mmol/L | AE-BFR | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.25 (0.03) | 0.084 | 0.96 (0.90) | 93/5/2 * | 0.462 |
AE | 0.17 (0.05) | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.003 | 1.85 (0.70) | 100/0/0 *** | 0.909 * | |
MDA µmol/L | AE-BFR | 2.37 (0.59) | 2.46 (0.40) | 0.808 | 0.13 (1.01) | 45/28/27 | 0.076 |
AE | 3.38 (1.09) | 2.77 (0.33) | 0.184 | −0.47 (0.62) | 4/17/79 * | 0.188 | |
CK ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.80 (0.20) | 0.59 (0.23) | 0.252 | −0.90 (1.41) | 9/9/82 * | 0.424 |
AE | 0.58 (0.18) | 0.58 (0.17) | 0.998 | 0.00 (0.92) | 34/32/34 | 0.050 | |
GGT ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.21 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.09) | 0.717 | 0.23 (1.23) | 52/22/25 | 0.102 |
AE | 0.43 (0.22) | 0.58 (0.73) | 0.531 | 0.60 (1.79) | 66/13/21 | 0.250 | |
GPT ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.14 (0.07) | 0.17 (0.10) | 0.759 | 0.24 (1.50) | 52/19/29 | 0.104 |
AE | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.937 | 0.03 (0.72) | 33/40/28 | 0.055 | |
GOT ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.26 (0.10) | 0.26 (0.13) | 0.945 | −0.05 (1.37) | 36/22/42 | 0.059 |
AE | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.303 | −0.81 (1.42) | 79/11/11 * | 0.368 | |
ALP ukat/L | AE-BFR | 0.89 (0.16) | 1.08 (0.52) | 0.468 | 0.98 (2.51) | 72/9/19 | 0.475 |
AE | 1.07 (0.44) | 1.01 (0.35) | 0.673 | −0.11 (0.47) | 12/52/35 | 0.071 | |
Chol mmol/L | AE-BFR | 4.33 (0.75) | 5.04 (1.17) | 0.186 | 0.80 (1.05) | 85/9/6 * | 0.362 |
AE | 4.42 (1.06) | 4.84 (0.52) | 0.482 | 0.34 (0.89) | 62/24/14 | 0.137 | |
HDL mmol/L | AE-BFR | 1.45 (0.36) | 2.19 (0.31) | 0.014 | 1.71 (0.93) | 99/1/0 ** | 0.866 * |
AE | 1.64 (0.31) | 1.84 (0.15) | 0.283 | 0.54 (0.91) | 76/16/8 * | 0.220 | |
TG mmol/L | AE-BFR | 1.40 (0.69) | 1.71 (0.36) | 0.540 | 0.38 (1.17) | 62/20/18 | 0.151 |
AE | 1.27 (0.79) | 1.67 (0.80) | 0.372 | 0.93 (1.92) | 76/9/14 * | 0.430 | |
LDL mmol/L | AE-BFR | 2.73 (0.73) | 2.36 (0.72) | 0.089 | −0.43 (0.41) | 1/14/85 * | 0.171 |
AE | 2.54 (0.72) | 2.67 (0.34) | 0.735 | 0.16 (0.87) | 46/31/22 | 0.083 | |
Urea mmol/L | AE-BFR | 3.41 (1.14) | 3.71 (2.09) | 0.796 | 0.22 (1.62) | 51/18/31 | 0.099 |
AE | 3.84 (2.57) | 6.64 (2.37) | 0.011 | 0.92 (0.47) | 99/1/0 ** | 0.436 | |
Cr umol/L | AE-BFR | 74.27 (9.67) | 92.84 (8.71) | 0.012 | 1.63 (0.85) | 99/1/0 ** | 0.836 * |
AE | 83.11 (12.6) | 89.3 (10.57) | 0.379 | 0.44 (0.91) | 69/20/11 | 0.175 | |
Glucose mmol/L | AE-BFR | 4.02 (0.34) | 4.48 (0.56) | 0.159 | 1.15 (1.40) | 88/6/6 * | 0.583 |
AE | 4.23 (0.96) | 5.18 (1.10) | 0.054 | 0.83 (0.67) | 94/4/1 * | 0.380 | |
Uric ac mmol/L | AE-BFR | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.18 (0.04) | 0.329 | −0.38 (0.71) | 8/23/69 | 0.151 |
AE | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.050 | −1.03 (0.81) | 1/3/95 ** | 0.507 |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p (Group × Time) | Between-Group Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Between-Group Qualitative Assessment of Difference | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TUGT (s) | AE-BFR | 7.72 (0.78) | 5.20 (0.91) | 0.074 | 1.08 (0.98) | 93/5/2 * | 0.539 |
AE | 8.52 (1.10) | 7.55 (1.08) | |||||
CST (reps) | AE-BFR | 11.2 (1.2) | 17.7 (2.9) | 0.005 | −2.00 (0.97) | 0/0/100 *** | 0.942 * |
AE | 12.2 (1.8)) | 13.5 (2.2) | |||||
6MWT (meters) | AE-BFR | 423.4 (33.7) | 513.0 (31.8) | 0.011 | −1.69 (0.97) | 0/1/99 ** | 0.859 * |
AE | 401.7 (51.5) | 419.4 (59.5) | |||||
ISWT (meters) | AE-BFR | 568.6 (112.7) | 669.4 (47.3) | 0.182 | −0.76 (1.00) | 5/10/85 * | 0.338 |
AE | 389.3 (121.6) | 393.9 (116.3) | |||||
Handgrip/BW (Kg) | AE-BFR | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.45 (0.07) | 0.012 | −1.67 (0.97) | 0/1/99 ** | 0.852 * |
AE | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | |||||
KES/BW (N) | AE-BFR | 2.65 (1.20) | 3.43 (0.63) | 0.284 | −0.60 (0.98) | 8/15/77 * | 0.250 |
AE | 2.28 (1.12) | 2.34 (0.98) |
Group | PRE M (SD) | POST M (SD) | p Pre-Post (Intra-Group) | Standardized Differences (90% CL) | Qualitative Assessment | Post Hoc Power Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TUGT (s) | AE-BFR | 7.72 (0.78) | 5.20 (0.91) | 0.006 | −2.71 (1.18) | 0/0/100 *** | 0.997 * |
AE | 8.52 (1.10) | 7.55 (1.08) | 0.135 | −0.74 (0.84) | 4/9/87 * | 0.326 | |
CST (reps) | AE-BFR | 11.2 (1.2) | 17.7 (2.9) | 0.002 | 4.68 (1.53) | 100/0/0 *** | 1.000 * |
AE | 12.2 (1.8)) | 13.5 (2.2) | 0.191 | 0.61 (0.82) | 82/13/5 * | 0.255 | |
6MWT (meters) | AE-BFR | 423.4 (33.7) | 513.0 (31.8) | 0.004 | 2.24 (0.92) | 100/0/0 *** | 0.975 * |
AE | 401.7 (51.5) | 419.4 (59.5) | 0.234 | 0.29 (0.43) | 65/31/4 | 0.120 | |
ISWT (meters) | AE-BFR | 568.6 (112.7) | 669.4 (47.3) | 0.158 | 0.75 (0.92) | 86/9/5 * | 0.332 |
AE | 389.3 (121.6) | 393.9 (116.3) | 0.736 | 0.03 (0.18) | 6/92/2 | 0.055 | |
Handgrip/BW (Kg) | AE-BFR | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.45 (0.07) | 0.016 | 1.25 (0.71) | 98/1/0 ** | 0.645 |
AE | 0.32 (0.07) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.294 | −0.43 (0.74) | 7/21/72 | 0.171 | |
KES/BW (N) | AE-BFR | 2.65 (1.20) | 3.43 (0.63) | 0.222 | 0.55 (0.79) | 79/15/6 * | 0.225 |
AE | 2.28 (1.12) | 2.34 (0.98) | 0.844 | 0.04 (0.42) | 24/61/15 | 0.057 |
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Rodríguez-Bautista, J.C.; López-Lluch, G.; Rodríguez-Torres, P.; López-Moral, Á.; Quijada-Carrera, J.; Bueno-Antequera, J.; Blanco-Suárez, M.; Cáceres-Calle, Ó.; Munguia-Izquierdo, D. Feasibility, Safety, and Effects of an Aerobic Training Program with Blood Flow Restriction on Functional Capacity, and Symptomatology in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081895
Rodríguez-Bautista JC, López-Lluch G, Rodríguez-Torres P, López-Moral Á, Quijada-Carrera J, Bueno-Antequera J, Blanco-Suárez M, Cáceres-Calle Ó, Munguia-Izquierdo D. Feasibility, Safety, and Effects of an Aerobic Training Program with Blood Flow Restriction on Functional Capacity, and Symptomatology in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081895
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Bautista, José Carlos, Guillermo López-Lluch, Patricia Rodríguez-Torres, Álvaro López-Moral, Jesús Quijada-Carrera, Javier Bueno-Antequera, Manuel Blanco-Suárez, Óscar Cáceres-Calle, and Diego Munguia-Izquierdo. 2024. "Feasibility, Safety, and Effects of an Aerobic Training Program with Blood Flow Restriction on Functional Capacity, and Symptomatology in Women with Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081895