Dendrimers—Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Alzheimer’s Disease—Main Facts
3. Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
4. Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
5. Main Facts about Dendrimers
6. Dendrimers in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
7. Dendrimers in Treatment of Other Diseases
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structure | Drug | Effects | Adverse Effects |
---|---|---|---|
cholinesterase enzyme inhibitor | Donepezil | Increases level of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic gap [45] | nausea, weight loss, diarrhea, insomnia, vomiting, anorexia, asthenia [46] |
Rivastigmine | nausea, weight loss, diarrhea, tremors, blurred vision, confusion [46] | ||
Galantamine | nausea, weight loss, diarrhea, urinary retention, sinus bradycardia [46] | ||
N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist | Memantine | Slow neurotoxicity associated with neurodegenerative diseases [47] | dizziness, falls, agitation, headache, diarrhea, influenza-like symptoms [46] |
Atypical antipsychotic drug | Brexipiprazole | Treatment of agitation associated with AD [46] | headache, nasopharyngitis, insomnia, urinary tract infection, dizziness [46] |
Orexin receptor antagonist | Suvorexant | Treatment of sleep disturbances associated with AD [46] | somnolence, xerostomia, headache, dizziness, diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infection, dyspepsia, peripheral edema [46] |
Monoclonal antibodies against amyloid-beta | Lecanemab | Binding amyloid-beta [52] | amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, mainly with edema [54] |
Aducanumab | |||
Donanemab |
Mechanism | |
---|---|
Amyloid fibrils | Dendrimers may inhibit amyloid formation by blocking their growth or breaking already existing ones [71] |
Neurofibrillary tangles | Cationic phosphorus dendrimers induce aggregation of tau into amorphous structures instead of filamentous ones [72] |
Mitochondrial dysfunction | Dendrimers may be potential nanocarriers and increase mitochondria targeting [58] |
Drug-delivery system | Carbamazepine, due to its autophagy-enhancement effect, has the potential to reduce the amount of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus [81] |
Tacrine is the most effective AChE inhibitor. Using dendrimers as DDS may reduce side effects [58] | |
Prussian blue treats mitochondrial oxidative stress-induced damage [62] | |
NL4-ApoA-I-siRNA suppresses BACE1, reducing Aβ generation [84] | |
Polypropylene Imine (PPI) dendrimers can be functionalized with various bioactive molecules, such as antioxidants and metal chelators, to combat oxidative stress and metal ion dysregulation [85] | |
Carbosilane dendrimers carry multiple therapeutic agents, including anti-inflammatory drugs and neuroprotective peptides directly to the central nervous system [86] |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Mroziak, M.; Kozłowski, G.; Kołodziejczyk, W.; Pszczołowska, M.; Walczak, K.; Beszłej, J.A.; Leszek, J. Dendrimers—Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081899
Mroziak M, Kozłowski G, Kołodziejczyk W, Pszczołowska M, Walczak K, Beszłej JA, Leszek J. Dendrimers—Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081899
Chicago/Turabian StyleMroziak, Magdalena, Gracjan Kozłowski, Weronika Kołodziejczyk, Magdalena Pszczołowska, Kamil Walczak, Jan Aleksander Beszłej, and Jerzy Leszek. 2024. "Dendrimers—Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081899