Alterations in the Blood Kynurenine Pathway Following Long-Term PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical and Reagents
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Preparation of Blood Samples
2.4. Acquisition Parameters
2.5. Internal Standard
2.6. Peak Assignment and Chemical Identification
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Metabolomics Measurements
2.9. Particulate Matter Level in Atmosphere and Average Daily Dose Exposure
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Data
3.2. Determination of Metabolites in Blood Samples by 1H-NMR
3.3. Effect of PM2.5 Exposure on the Kynurenine Pathway
3.4. Metabolomic Study
3.5. The Level of PM2.5 and PM10 in Atmosphere
3.6. Correlation between Time Spent Living in the Area, PM2.5 and PM10 Concentration, and Kynurenine Metabolites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | High-Exposure Group (n = 92) | Low-Exposure Group (n = 98) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex: male (%) | 43 (46.8%) | 36 (35.6%) | 0.118 |
Age (years) | 46.8 ± 11.3 | 47.9 ± 12.4 | 0.555 |
Weight (kg) | 61.0 ± 11.2 | 65.2 ± 13.9 | 0.137 |
Height (cm) | 159.1 ± 12.0 | 161.6 ± 8.6 | 0.971 |
Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 127.7 ± 17.5 | 129.1 ± 21.9 | 0.085 |
Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 77.7 ± 11.1 | 81.2 ± 14.0 | 0.127 |
Heart rate (bear/min) | 77.3 ± 14.1 | 83.9 ± 14.1 | 0.998 |
Time spent living in the area (year) | 43 ± 13 | 34 ± 14 | 0.0001 * |
Metabolites (µM) | High-Exposure Group (n = 92) | Low-Exposure Group (n = 98) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Serotonin | 20.88 ± 9.28 | 40.40 ± 31.73 | <0.001 * |
Cinnabarinic acid | 7.59 ± 4.90 | 12.25 ± 9.91 | 0.002 * |
Xanthurenic acid | 12.49 ± 10.65 | 23.60 ± 16.78 | <0.001 * |
5-HIAA | 14.01 ± 9.31 | 14.65 ± 11.73 | 0.651 |
5-Hydroxytryptophol | 9.64 ± 5.57 | 11.98 ± 9.35 | 0.402 |
Indoleacetic acid | 15.71 ± 8.95 | 26.93 ± 19.57 | <0.001 * |
Tryptomine | 11.43 ± 7.12 | 22.17 ± 14.95 | <0.001 * |
Melatonin | 10.17 ± 6.13 | 17.28 ± 12.66 | <0.001 * |
L-tryptophan | 7.59 ± 4.31 | 20.01 ± 14.11 | <0.001 * |
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan | 9.70 ± 5.97 | 18.91 ± 12.51 | <0.001 * |
Indoxyl | 11.24 ± 6.45 | 34.33 ± 21.35 | <0.001 * |
2-Aminobenzoic acid | 18.96 ± 11.74 | 24.88 ± 19.50 | 0.130 |
L-kynurenine | 11.17 ± 6.48 | 11.88 ± 9.43 | 0.502 |
5-HTOL | 6.03 ± 3.39 | 11.13 ± 1053 | 0.068 |
Hydroxykynurenine | 1.72 ± 0.92 | 5.53 ± 5.13 | <0.001 * |
L-3-hydroxykynurenine | 3.54 ± 1.83 | 5.49 ± 4.84 | 0.012 * |
N-formyl kynurenine | 3.76 ± 2.27 | 5.42 ± 4.63 | 0.038 * |
NAD | 3.84 ± 2.07 | 2.31 ± 2.08 | <0.001 ** |
3-hydroxy anthranilic acid | 1.86 ± 0.93 | 11.11 ± 9.09 | <0.001 * |
Quinolinic acid | 9.69 ± 5.30 | 8.81 ± 9.87 | 0.428 |
Kynurenic acid | 5.48 ± 3.06 | 6.33 ± 7.34 | 0.278 |
Picolinic acid | 3.50 ± 1.83 | 8.86 ± 10.11 | <0.01 * |
N-formyl kynurenine/L-tryptophan | 0.53 ± 0.20 | 0.29 ± 0.12 | <0.01 ** |
L-kynurenine/N-formyl kynurenine | 3.22 ± 1.44 | 2.62 ± 2.06 | <0.01 ** |
Kynurenic acid/L-kynurenine | 0.58 ± 0.37 | 0.52 ± 0.39 | 0.880 |
2-Aminobenzoic acid/L-kynurenine | 1.72 ± 0.45 | 2.21 ± 0.94 | <0.01 * |
L-3-hydroxykynurenine/L-kynurenine | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.46 ± 0.15 | <0.01 ** |
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Jaikang, C.; Konguthaithip, G.; Amornlertwatana, Y.; Autsavapromporn, N.; Rattanachitthawat, S.; Monum, T. Alterations in the Blood Kynurenine Pathway Following Long-Term PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091947
Jaikang C, Konguthaithip G, Amornlertwatana Y, Autsavapromporn N, Rattanachitthawat S, Monum T. Alterations in the Blood Kynurenine Pathway Following Long-Term PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091947
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaikang, Churdsak, Giatgong Konguthaithip, Yutti Amornlertwatana, Narongchai Autsavapromporn, Sirichet Rattanachitthawat, and Tawachai Monum. 2024. "Alterations in the Blood Kynurenine Pathway Following Long-Term PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Study" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091947