Impact of Hyponatremia on COVID-19-Related Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n = 558 | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Mortality (n, %) | 172 (30.8%) | −0.913 (−1.898–0.071, p = 0.069) | −0.046 (−1.805–0.716, p = 0.397) |
ICU (n, %) | 263 (47.1%) | −1.210 (−2.118–−0.303, p = 0.009) | −0.112 (−2.454–0.008, p = 0.051) |
O2 (n, %) | 482 (86.4%) | 0.132 (−1.211–1.475, p = 0.847) | |
IMV (n, %) | 179 (32.1%) | −1.063 (−1.036–−0.90, p = 0.032) | 0.012 (−1.380–1.651, p = 0.861) |
RRT (n, %) | 123 (22.0%) | −1.037 (−2.133–0.58, p = 0.063) | −0.016 (−1.541–1.118, p = 0.755) |
Variables | n = 558 | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.1 ± 16.1 | 0.008 (−0.020–0.037, p = 0.567) | |
Male (n, %) | 317 (56.8%) | 0.465 (−0.455–1.385, p = 0.321) | |
Obesity (n, %) | 42 (11.2%) | −0.237 (−2.068–1.593, p = 0.799) | |
Hypertension (n, %) | 177 (47.5%) | 0.124 (−1.036–1.285, p = 0.833) | |
COPD (n, %) | 9 (2.4%) | −0.696 (−4.467–3.076, p = 0.717) | |
Heart disease (n, %) | 52 (13.9%) | 0.830 (−0.841–2.502, p = 0.329) | |
Neoplasia (n, %) | 24 (6.4%) | −3.665 (−5.995–−1.335, p = 0.002) | −0.164 (−6.081–−1.514, p = 0.001) |
Respiratory disease (n, %) | 9 (2.4%) | 2.492 (−1.271–6.256, p = 0.194) | |
Kidney disease (n, %) | 50 (13.4%) | −0.717 (−2.414–0.980, p = 0.407) | |
Transplant (n, %) | 54 (14.4%) | −1.313 (−2.952–0.326, p = 0.116) | |
Asthma (n, %) | 12 (3.2%) | −0.328 (−3.608–2.952, p = 0.844) | |
Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 105 (28.1%) | −0.829 (−2.113–0.455, p = 0.205) | |
Cerebrovascular disease (n, %) | 15 (4%) | 0.728 (−2.217–3.673, p = 0.627) | |
Immunosuppressive therapy (n, %) | 44 (11.8%) | −3.520 (−5.278–−1.762, p < 0.001) | −0.204 (−5.324–−1.850, p < 0.001) |
Tuberculosis (n, %) | 2 (0.4%) | 2.110 (−5.813–10.033, p = 0.601) | |
Pregnancy (n, %) | 2 (0.4%) | −2.414 (−10.336–5.508, p = 0.549) | |
Smoking (n, %) | 32 (8.6%) | −0.131 (−2.198–1.936, p = 0.901) |
Variables | n = 558 | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Fever (n, %) | 213 (57%) | −0.381 (−1.548–0.786, p = 0.521) | |
Fatigue (n, %) | 139 (37.2%) | −1.010 (−2.202–0.181, p = 0.096) | −0.565 (−1.775–0.646, p = 0.360) |
Sneezing (n, %) | 12 (3.2%) | −0.156 (−3.436–3.124, p = 0.926) | |
Dry cough (n, %) | 200 (53.5%) | −1.260 (−2.441–−0.108, p = 0.032) | −0.494 (−1.748–0.760, p = 0.439) |
Productive cough (n, %) | 56 (15%) | 1.881 (0.272–3.489, p = 0.022) | 1.444 (−0.284–3.173, p = 0.101) |
Rhinorrhea (n, %) | 33 (8.8%) | −0.939 (−1.096–2.975, p = 0.365) | |
Sore throat (n, %) | 23 (6.1%) | −0.404 (−2.810–2.002, p = 0.741) | |
Diarrhea (n, %) | 72 (19.3%) | −1.081 (−2.543–0.380, p = 0.147) | |
Dyspnea (n, %) | 228 (61%) | −0.027 (−1.212–1.157, p = 0.964) | |
Anorexia (n, %) | 67 (17.9%) | −2.225 (−3.715–−0.715, p = 0.004) | −1.703 (−3.255–−0.151, p = 0.032) |
Headache (n, %) | 63 (16.8%) | −0.721 (−2.264–0.822, p = 0.359) | |
Myalgia (n, %) | 99 (26.5%) | −0.947 (−2.254–0.361, p = 0.361) | |
Nausea/vomiting (n, %) | 71 (19%) | −2.028 (−3.490–−0.566, p = 0.007) | −1.627 (−3.089–−0.165, p = 0.029) |
Wheezing (n, %) | 6 (1.6%) | −0.408 (−5.008–4.193, p = 0.862) | |
Chest pain (n, %) | 44 (11.8%) | −0.529 (−2.325–1.267, p = 0.563) | |
Abdominal pain (n, %) | 23 (6.1%) | −1.006 (−3.410–1.398, p = 0.411) | |
Anosmia (n, %) | 57 (15.2%) | 0.324 (−1.284–1.932, p = 0.692) | |
Dysgeusia (n, %) | 54 (14.5%) | −0.323 (−1.968–1.322, p = 0.700) | |
Chills (n, %) | 24 (6.4%) | 0.551 (−1.807–2.909, p = 0.646) | |
Temperature (°C) | 36.6 ± 0.7 | 0.491 (−0.437–1.418, p = 0.299) | |
MBP (mmHg) | 95 [84; 106] | 0.034 (−0.003–0.070, p = 0.070) | −0.028 (−0.149–0.092, p = 0.646) |
SBP (mmHg) | 128 [113.5; 143.5] | 0.017 (−0.010–0.045, p = 0.218) | |
DBP (mmHg) | 78 [69; 90] | 0.040 (0.002–0.079, p = 0.041) | 0.069 (−0.059–0.197, p = 0.290) |
HR (bpm) | 95 [82; 110] | −0.016 (−0.049–0.017, p = 0.345) | |
SpO2 (%) | 91.1 ± 6.71 | −0.017 (−0.107–0.074, p = 0.717) | |
Shock Index | 0.75 ± 0.3 | −1.568 (−4.001–0.865, p = 0.206) | |
RR (bpm) | 24 [20.5; 29] | 0.040 (−0.062–0.143, p = 0.779) |
Variables | n = 558 | Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13 ± 2.6 | 0.115 (−0.058–0.288, p = 0.193) | |
Hematocrit (%) | 38.8 ± 7.4 | 0.080 (0.018–0.141, p = 0.011) | 0.110 (0.04-0–0.180, p = 0.002) |
Leucocytes (mm3) | 7880 [5412.5; 10,775] | −1.792 × 10−5 (0.000–0.000, p = 0.703) | |
Neutrophils (mm3) | 6061 [4019.5; 8658.5] | −4.083 × 10−5 (0.000–0.000, p = 0.481) | |
Eosinophils (mm3) | 0 [0; 32] | 0.001 (−0.003–0.005, p = 0.657) | |
Basophils (mm3) | 8 [0; 22] | 0.012 (−0.010–0.034, p = 0.281) | |
Lymphocytes (mm3) | 1131.47 ± 821.2 | 0.001 (0.000–0.001, p = 0.010) | 0.000 (0.000–0.001, p = 0.259) |
Atypical lymphocytes (mm3) | 0 [0; 0] | 0.000 (−0.002–0.002, p = 0.873) | |
Monocytes (mm3) | 432.5 [276; 649] | 2.625 × 10−5 (−0.001–0.001, p = 0.964) | |
Platelets (×103, mm3) | 190 [144; 251] | 3.540 × 10−6 (0.000–0.000, p = 0.183) | |
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 5.5 [3.8; 10.2] | −0.074 (−0.129–−0.019, p = 0.009) | −0.104 (−0.189–−0.019, p = 0.016) |
Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio | 199.7 [127.7; 310] | −0.002 (−0.005–0.000, p = 0.033) | 0.002 (−0.001–0.006, p = 0.196) |
D-dimer (µg/L) | 1.4 [0.8; 2.5] | 0.048 (−0.115–0.211, p = 0.564) | |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 13.2 [10; 19] | 0.004 (−0.045–0.052, p = 0.876) | |
CRP (mg/dL) | 100.6 [51.8; 186.7] | −0.004 (−0.009–0.001, p = 0.106) | |
LDH (U/L) | 415.65 ± 210.9 | −0.002 (−0.005–0.001, p = 0.126) | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 [0.8; 1.9] | −0.044 (−0.243–0.155, p = 0.666) | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 65.8 ± 34.7 | 0.012 (−0.001–0.025, p = 0.067) | −0.014 (−0.032–0.003, p = 0.113) |
Urea (mg/dL) | 59.5 ± 45.6 | −0.003 (−0.013–0.008, p = 0.620) | −0.373 (−1.054–0.307, p = 0.282) |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.5 ± 0.8 | −0.517 (−1.073–0.040, p = 0.069) | −0.337 (−0.048–0.004, p = 0.093) |
Arterial blood glucose (mg/dL) | 137 [113; 196] | −0.006 (−0.012–−0.001, p = 0.016) | −0.008 (−0.013–− 0.003, p = 0.001) |
AST (U/L) | 38 [26; 60] | −0.001 (−0.002–0.000, p = 0.189) | |
ALT (U/L) | 28 [17; 49] | −0.002 (−0.006–0.003, p = 0.459) | |
pH | 7.4 ± 0.1 | −2.476 (−9.043–4.091, p = 0.459) | |
pCO2 (mmHg) | 32.85 ± 8.9 | 0.120 (0.064–0.176, p < 0.0001) | 0.013 (−0.089–0.115, p = 0.797) |
pO2 (mmHg) | 63 [53.4; 74.8] | −0.001 (−0.018–0.015, p = 0.879) | |
Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 20.98 ± 4.8 | 0.207 (0.103–0.310, p = 0.0001) | 0.442 (0.039–0.845, p = 0.032) |
Base excess | −2.39 ± 5.4 | 0.127 (0.034–0.221, p = 0.008) | −0.241 (−0.521–0.038, p = 0.090) |
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Piza, P.M.d.T.; de Freitas, V.M.; Aguiar-Brito, I.; Calsolari-Oliveira, B.M.; Rangel, É.B. Impact of Hyponatremia on COVID-19-Related Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1997. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091997
Piza PMdT, de Freitas VM, Aguiar-Brito I, Calsolari-Oliveira BM, Rangel ÉB. Impact of Hyponatremia on COVID-19-Related Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(9):1997. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091997
Chicago/Turabian StylePiza, Pedro Maciel de Toledo, Victor Muniz de Freitas, Isabella Aguiar-Brito, Barbara Monique Calsolari-Oliveira, and Érika Bevilaqua Rangel. 2024. "Impact of Hyponatremia on COVID-19-Related Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis" Biomedicines 12, no. 9: 1997. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12091997