Changing Ready-to-Drink Coffee Aroma Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Ready-to-Drink Coffee Preparation
2.3. Plasma Treatment
2.4. GC-MS Analysis
2.5. Aroma Profile
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Volatile Profile
3.2. Aroma Profile
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Retention Time (min) | Compound | Kovats Index | m/z | Odor Threshold in Water (mg/L) | Odor Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aldehydes and Alcohols | |||||
2.12 | 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal | 763 | 44, 58, 71 | 0.002 | Cocoa |
3.02 | 1,5-hexadien-3-ol | 781 | 57, 29, 39 | 0.5 | -- |
4.60 | hexanal | 813 | 44, 56, 72 | 0.0045 | Green |
Furans | |||||
1.64 | 2-methylfuran | 753 | 82, 53, 39 | -- | -- |
2.44 | 2,5-dimethyl furan | 769 | 96, 43, 53 | 0.1 | Meaty |
5.40 | furfuryl methyl ether | 829 | 81, 112, 53 | -- | -- |
5.79 | furfural | 837 | 96, 39, 67 | 0.77 | Bready |
6.67 | 2-furan methanol | 855 | 98, 41, 81 | 2.0 | Bready |
9.00 | 2-furyl methyl ketone | 902 | 95, 110, 39 | 10.0 | Balsamic |
11.62 | 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde | 955 | 110, 53, 81 | 1.11 | Caramellic |
12.78 | 2-pentyl furan | 979 | 81, 138, 53 | 0.006 | Fruity |
13.32 | 2-furan methanol acetate | 990 | 81, 98, 140 | 0.1 | Fruity |
18.03 | 2,2′-methylenedi furan | 1085 | 91, 148, 39 | -- | -- |
18.54 | 2-furan methanol propionate | 1095 | 81, 98, 154 | -- | -- |
Pyridines, Pyrazines, and Tetrazoles | |||||
3.27 | pyridine | 786 | 79, 52, 39 | 2.0 | Fishy |
4.92 | 5-hydrazino-1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazole | 820 | 72, 100, 207 | -- | -- |
5.52 | 4-methyl pyrimidine | 832 | 94, 40, 53 | -- | -- |
9.17 | 2,6-dimethylpyrazine | 906 | 108, 42, 67 | 10.0 | Chocolate |
9.27 | 2-ethylpyrazine and 2,3-dimethylpyrazine | 908 | 107, 80, 53 | 2.5 | Nutty |
11.94 | 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 962 | 135, 42, 108 | 0.001 | Nutty |
17.87 | 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine | 1082 | 135, 42, 108 | 0.001 | Nutty |
Pyrroles | |||||
3.14 | 2-methyl-1H-pyrrole | 784 | 80, 53, 28 | 0.017 | -- |
13.90 | 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde | 1001 | 109, 53, 80 | 19.6 | -- |
23.20 | 1-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-pyrrole | 1190 | 81, 147, 53 | 0.1 | Vegetable |
Compound | Control | 50 Hz 15 min | 50 Hz 30 min | 500 Hz 15 min | 500 Hz 30 min | 1000 Hz 15 min | 100 Hz 30 min |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2-methylfuran | 13.4 ± 0.6 b | 8.7 ± 0.4 d | 11.3 ± 0.5 c | 8.0 ± 0.4 d | 13.5 ± 0.9 b | 17.4 ± 1.2 a | 11.5 ± 1.5 bc |
2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal | 21.2 ± 1.5 a | 10.2 ± 1.0 c | 2.7 ± 0.3 e | 11.7 ± 0.8 c | 8.3 ± 0.5 d | 11.1 ± 0.9 c | 15.3 ± 1.6 b |
2,5-dimethyl furan | 9.4 ± 0.5 b | 4.9 ± 0.5 d | 13.3 ± 0.8 a | 6.5 ± 0.4 c | 6.2 ± 0.4 c | 8.0 ± 0.8 bc | 7.6 ± 0.8 bc |
1,5-hexadien-3-ol | 0.6 ± 0.1 b | 1.5 ± 0.3 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 c | 0.7 ± 0.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 d | 0.5 ± 0.1 b |
2-methyl-1H-pyrrole | 2.3 ± 0.4 a | 1.8 ± 0.4 ab | 0.7 ± 0.1 c | 2.3 ± 0.3 a | 1.2 ± 0.2 b | 1.0 ± 0.2 bc | 2.3 ± 0.3 a |
pyridine | 12.9 ± 0.8 a | 11.4 ± 1.0 ab | 5.2 ± 0.4 d | 10.7 ± 0.8 b | 12.2 ± 0.8 ab | 8.8 ± 0.7 c | 10.6 ± 0.9 b |
not identified | 0.0 ± 0.0 e | 6.3 ± 0.5 b | 7.0 ± 0.3 b | 4.8 ± 0.3 c | 8.5 ± 0.4 a | 9.4 ± 0.6 a | 3.9 ± 0.3 d |
hexanal | 4.4 ± 0.2 a | 3.8 ± 0.3 bc | 1.9 ± 0.3 e | 4.1 ± 0.3 ab | 2.1 ± 0.3 e | 2.9 ± 0.3 d | 3.2 ± 0.2 cd |
5-hydrazino-tetrazole | 1.0 ± 0.2 d | 3.4 ± 0.2 a | 1.5 ± 0.3 cd | 2.3 ± 0.2 b | 2.1 ± 0.4 bc | 2.0 ± 0.2 bc | 1.6 ± 0.2 c |
furfuryl methyl ether | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 0.6 ± 0.2 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.8 ± 0.1 b | 2.6 ± 0.4 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 b | 1.0 ± 0.3 b |
4-methyl pyrimidine | 2.4 ± 0.5 e | 4.5 ± 0.3 b | 3.4 ± 0.3 d | 4.6 ± 0.4 ab | 5.4 ± 0.3 a | 4.6 ± 0.6 ab | 4.2 ± 0.4 b |
furfural | 4.5 ± 0.6 c | 7.7 ± 0.6 a | 4.2 ± 0.3 c | 7.4 ± 0.4 a | 6.7 ± 0.4 ab | 5.1 ± 0.4 bc | 7.1 ± 0.2 a |
2-furan methanol | 4.1 ± 0.6 e | 8.3 ± 0.4 c | 33.0 ± 2.0 a | 8.0 ± 0.5 c | 13.2 ± 1.1 b | 12.8 ± 1.0 b | 6.7 ± 0.5 d |
2-furyl methyl ketone | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 1.3 ± 0.3 ab | 1.9 ± 0.3 a | 1.4 ± 0.3 ab | 1.2 ± 0.3 b | 1.0 ± 0.3 b | 1.2 ± 0.4 b |
2,6-dimethylpyrazine | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.2 a | 0.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.9 ± 0.2 a | 0.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.7 ± 0.3 a |
2-ethylpyrazine and 2,3-dimethylpyrazine | 2.3 ± 0.5 b | 2.1 ± 0.3 b | 2.3 ± 0.4 b | 2.3 ± 0.4 b | 3.4 ± 0.3 a | 2.8 ± 0.4 ab | 2.1 ± 0.4 b |
5-methyl-2-furaldehyde | 2.7 ± 0.4 bc | 4.0 ± 0.3 a | 2.1 ± 0.3 c | 4.1 ± 0.5 a | 3.4 ± 0.2 ab | 2.9 ± 0.5 b | 3.4 ± 0.5 ab |
3-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine | 0.3 ± 0.1 c | 0.3 ± 0.1 c | 0.7 ± 0.1 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 bc | 1.0 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 b | 1.0 ± 0.2 a |
2-pentyl furan | 0.2 ± 0.1 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.6 ± 0.1 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.4 ± 0.2 ab | 0.0 ± 0.0 c |
2-furan methanol acetate | 11.2 ± 0.5 a | 10.4 ± 0.3 ab | 3.6 ± 0.3 cd | 11.5 ± 0.5 a | 3.9 ± 0.3 c | 2.8 ± 0.5 d | 9.5 ± 0.4 b |
1-methylpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde | 0.9 ± 0.2 cd | 1.8 ± 0.3 a | 0.6 ± 0.1 d | 1.6 ± 0.1 ab | 0.9 ± 0.2 cd | 0.7 ± 0.2 d | 1.2 ± 0.1 bc |
2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.5 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.4 ± 0.1 ab | 0.2 ± 0.1 b |
2,2′-methylenedi furan | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 a |
2-furan methanol propionate | 0.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.2 ± 0.1 ab |
2-nonen-1-ol | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.5 ± 0.1 ab | 0.7 ± 0.2 a | 0.5 ± 0.1 ab | 0.2 ± 0.1 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 c |
1-(2-furanylmethyl)pyrrole | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.0 ab |
2-decen-1-ol | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.4 ± 0.1 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 ab | 0.2 ± 0.1 ab | 0.0 ± 0.0 c | 0.1 ± 0.1 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 c |
not identified | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 b | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 0.2 ± 0.1 ab | 0.3 ± 0.1 a | 0.1 ± 0.1 b |
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Rodrigues, S.; Fernandes, F.A.N. Changing Ready-to-Drink Coffee Aroma Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma. Processes 2022, 10, 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102056
Rodrigues S, Fernandes FAN. Changing Ready-to-Drink Coffee Aroma Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma. Processes. 2022; 10(10):2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102056
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodrigues, Sueli, and Fabiano A. N. Fernandes. 2022. "Changing Ready-to-Drink Coffee Aroma Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma" Processes 10, no. 10: 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10102056