A New Thermal Damage-Controlled Protocol for Thermal Ablation Modeled with Modified Porous Media-Based Bioheat Equation with Variable Porosity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mathematical Model
2.2. Numerical Solution and Validation
2.3. Validation of the Model
2.4. Description of the Different Applied Protocols
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
a | Volumetric transfer area (m−1) |
a1 | Coefficient (m−2) |
A | Frequency factor (s−1) |
b1 | Coefficient (m−1) |
c | Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1) |
c1 | Coefficient (-) |
Cw | Water content (%) |
d | Diameter of blood vessel (m) |
da | Diameter of the ablation zone (m) |
E | Electric field vector (V m−1) |
hc | Convective interfacial heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1) |
hfg | Product of water latent heat of vaporization and water density at 100 °C (J m−3) |
k | Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1) |
P | Cell death probability (%) |
Qext | External power density (W m−3) |
r | Spatial coordinate (m) |
r1 | Radius of tumor (m) |
R | Universal gas constant (J mol−1 K−1) |
t | Time (s) |
T | Temperature (K) |
u | Velocity vector (m s−1) |
V | Volume (m3) |
x, y, z | Spatial coordinates (m) |
Greek symbols | |
β | Coefficient (-) |
ΔE | Activation energy (J mol−1) |
ε | Porosity (-) |
ρ | Density (kg m−3) |
σe | Effective electric conductivity (S m−1) |
τ | Time integration variable (s) |
ω | Pulsation (s−1) |
Ω | Thermal damage (-) |
Subscripts | |
abl | Ablated |
b | Blood |
fin | Final |
g | Referred to temperatures above 100 °C |
int | Intermediate |
l | Referred to temperatures below 100 °C |
max | Maximum |
min | Minimum |
obj | Objective |
prot | Referred to damage-controlled protocol |
puls | Pulsating |
t | Tissue |
var | Variable |
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ρ (kg·m−3) | c (J·kg−1·K−1) | k (W·m−1·K−1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Healthy liver | 1080 | 3455 | 0.502 |
Tumor | 1045 | 3760 | 0.600 |
Blood | 1000 | 3639 | 0.502 |
da [cm] | da Deviation from [26] in % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
60 W, 300 s | 60 W, 600 s | 60 W, 300 s | 60 W, 600 s | |
Modified LTNE | 3.0 | 3.8 | −9.1% | +2.7% |
Clinical study [26] | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.3 |
Protocol | tfin [s] |
---|---|
Constant heat source | 425 |
Damage-controlled heat source | 600 |
Pulsating heat source | 715 |
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Andreozzi, A.; Brunese, L.; Iasiello, M.; Tucci, C.; Vanoli, G.P. A New Thermal Damage-Controlled Protocol for Thermal Ablation Modeled with Modified Porous Media-Based Bioheat Equation with Variable Porosity. Processes 2022, 10, 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020236
Andreozzi A, Brunese L, Iasiello M, Tucci C, Vanoli GP. A New Thermal Damage-Controlled Protocol for Thermal Ablation Modeled with Modified Porous Media-Based Bioheat Equation with Variable Porosity. Processes. 2022; 10(2):236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020236
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreozzi, Assunta, Luca Brunese, Marcello Iasiello, Claudio Tucci, and Giuseppe Peter Vanoli. 2022. "A New Thermal Damage-Controlled Protocol for Thermal Ablation Modeled with Modified Porous Media-Based Bioheat Equation with Variable Porosity" Processes 10, no. 2: 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020236
APA StyleAndreozzi, A., Brunese, L., Iasiello, M., Tucci, C., & Vanoli, G. P. (2022). A New Thermal Damage-Controlled Protocol for Thermal Ablation Modeled with Modified Porous Media-Based Bioheat Equation with Variable Porosity. Processes, 10(2), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020236