Stope Structural Parameters Design towards Green and Deep Mining: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design Contents, Principles, and Considerations
2.1. Stope Design Contents
2.2. Stope Design Principles and Considerations
3. Engineering Analogy Method
4. Theoretical Analysis Method
4.1. Theory of Stope Structural Parameters for Caving Mining Method
4.1.1. Continuous Medium Ore-Drawing Theory
4.1.2. Random Medium Ore-Drawing Theory
4.2. Theory of Stope Structural Parameters for Open Stope Mining Method and Fill Mining Method
5. Numerical Simulation Method
6. Physical Modeling Test and On-Site Industrial Testing
6.1. Physical Modeling Test
6.2. On-Site Industrial Testing
7. Discussion
7.1. Advantages of Various Methods
7.2. Future Trends of Mining and New Requirements of Stope Design
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RMR Critical Span Chart (rock mass quality) | ||
Bieniawski (1993) [56] | Hutchinson and Diederichs (1996) [57] | |
Lang (1994) [58] | Wang et al. (2002) [59] | |
Q Critical Span Chart (rock mass quality) | ||
Maximum Allowable Exposure Area Chart (rock mass quality + in situ stress) | ||
Stability Chart (rock mass quality + mining-induced stress + joint attitude + gravity influence) | ||
Mathews et al. (1980) [60] | Potvin (1988) [61] | |
Nickson et al.(1992) [62] | Stewart et al. (1995) [63] | |
Mawdesley (2001) [64] | Zhao et al. (2022) [65] |
Basic Theory | Calculating Sketch | Formula | |
---|---|---|---|
Typical ellipsoid drawing theory [79,82,87] | traditional structure (a) | ||
high-sublevel structure (b) | |||
large access spacing structures (c) | |||
Atypical ellipsoid drawing theory [79,88] | |||
Bergmark–Roos-equation-based drawing theory [83] |
Years and Experts | Main Contributions | Equation |
---|---|---|
1950s JLITWNISIZYN [91] | Proposed using probability methods to investigate the movement patterns of loose bodies, formulated a random medium model. | |
1962 Yongjia Wang [89] | Introduced a medium constant representing the loose nature of ore (β), and the general probability density equation for medium motion was derived. The theoretical system of the random medium for ore drawing was established for the first time. | |
1972 B-B Kurikov [92] | Extended the analysis from the two-dimensional plane problem to the three-dimensional space problem and provided the corresponding differential equations. | |
1992 Fengyu Ren [29,79] | Integrated the random medium method with the actual physical process of gravity flow and introduced two parameters, α and β, which effectively reflected the flow characteristics of grain flow based on the movement of particles under experimental boundary conditions. |
Theory | Calculating Sketch | Functions | |
---|---|---|---|
Granular mechanics [93] | Theory of the loose coefficient | 1 | |
PU’s equilibrium fracture arch theory | 2 | ||
Structural mechanics [95,96] | Thickness-to-span ratio | 3 | |
Simply supported beams | 4 | ||
Beam theory | 5 | ||
K.B. Lu Pennie theory | 6 | ||
B И. Bogo Liubov theory | 7 |
Modeling Approach | Numerical Method | Numerical Code | Rock Mass Representation | Rock Mass Failure Realization | Main Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuum | FDM | FLAC2D/3D | Continuum medium | Deformation (displacement), stress, plastic yield, and safety factor | Analyze and evaluate the stope stability |
FEM | RS2/3 ANASY ABAQUS | ||||
BEM | Map3D | ||||
Discontinuum | DEM | UDEC 3DEC | Assembly of deformable or rigid blocks | Blocks movements and/or blocks deformations | Stability analysis of rock mass controlled by structural planes |
PFC2D PFC3D | Assembly of rigid bonded particles | Bond breakage and particle movements | Simulating ore flow in caving mining method |
Engineering Analogy Method | Theoretical Analysis Method | Numerical Simulation Method | Physical Modeling/On-Site Industrial Testing | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caving mining method | Engineering analogy | Ore-drawing theory | Ore flow/stability analysis | Physical modeling/on-site industrial testing |
Open stope/filling mining method | Experience chart | Fracture arch theory Simply supported beams/plate beam | Stability analysis | On-site industrial testing |
Method | Advantage | Limitations | Functional Positioning |
---|---|---|---|
Engineering analogy method | Simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Experience charts reduce subjectivity in the design of stope parameters. | The specific conditions of different mines cannot be exactly identical, leading to subjectivity and uncertainty in the design parameters. The quality of the reference database directly affects the accuracy of the design. | Given a rough range of stope parameters, it is primarily utilized in the preliminary design phase. |
Theoretical analysis method | In-depth insight into the interplay between stope structural parameters and rock mechanics behavior, offering robust theoretical underpinnings for engineering design. | Under complex geological and engineering conditions, this method might necessitate a series of assumptions and simplifications, affecting accuracy. | Preliminary design of stope structural parameters under specific working conditions. |
Numerical simulation method | Visual, dynamic, and quantitative calculation. Using numerical models to simulate excavation and ore-drawing processes comprehensively and accurately evaluates the stability and performance of the mining site. | Its implementation demands significant computational resources and time, necessitating model calibration and validation for accuracy assurance. | Stope structural parameter optimization. |
Physical modeling test | Visually observe the movement behavior of ore and rock during the ore-drawing process and depict the shapes of released and residual bodies. | Only applicable to caving mining methods. It is difficult to simulate under complex boundary conditions. | Optimize stope parameters in conjunction with the ore-drawing theory. |
On-site industrial testing | The most direct and intuitive method for evaluating stope parameters. | The on-site testing method requires a large amount of human resources and material configuration and often requires a lot of time, thereby interfering with the normal mining progress of the mine. | Verify the rationality of the design of mining parameters. Calibration of numerical models. |
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Zhou, X.; Zhao, X.; Qu, Q.; Shi, J. Stope Structural Parameters Design towards Green and Deep Mining: A Review. Processes 2023, 11, 3125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113125
Zhou X, Zhao X, Qu Q, Shi J. Stope Structural Parameters Design towards Green and Deep Mining: A Review. Processes. 2023; 11(11):3125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113125
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Xin, Xingdong Zhao, Qingdong Qu, and Jingyu Shi. 2023. "Stope Structural Parameters Design towards Green and Deep Mining: A Review" Processes 11, no. 11: 3125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11113125