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Article

Bibliometric Analysis of the Use of Biodiesel Production from Essential Oils as Biofuels

by
Mehmet Ali Biberci
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cankiri Karatekin, 18000 Cankiri, Turkey
Processes 2023, 11(4), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11040974
Submission received: 2 March 2023 / Revised: 9 March 2023 / Accepted: 20 March 2023 / Published: 23 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)
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Abstract

:
Second-generation biodiesel, which is produced from essential oil plants, has important advantages, including a high yield of biofuels and the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The goal of this research was to examine the profile of original and review articles on biodiesel production from essential oils using bibliometric analysis. The search strategy identified 186 relevant and available peer-reviewed publications from 1981 to 2023, which were downloaded from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The retrieved documents were analyzed using VOSviewer. China was the predominant country publishing those documents, followed by the United States, India, Australia, and France. The keyword cluster analysis indicated the presence of 10 main research topics: diesel, fuel, and engine performance; extraction of lipids from microalgae; biofuel production from essential oils; green chemistry; the pyrolysis process; bioethanol production from renewable raw materials; obtaining biodiesel from essential oils; essential oil extraction; obtaining biofuels; and supercritical fluid extraction for fuels. The top three authors were Rahman, S. M. A., Cantrell, C. L., and Zheljazkov, V.D. The results showed that study topics such as different biodiesel raw material sources, biodiesel conversion technology, and the performance and emission characteristics of second-generation biodiesel are gaining popularity, with the goal to achieve a sustainable and clean environment.

1. Introduction

Essential oils are concentrated plant extracts containing the aromatic compounds of the plant from which they are derived [1,2,3]. Essential oils are typically extracted from the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of plants [4,5,6]. The extraction process involves steaming or pressing the plant matter to release the essential oil [7,8,9,10]. Essential oils can be obtained from plants such as lavender, mint, thyme, sage, and eucalyptus, which are popular medicinal plants [11,12,13]. These oils are used both in aromatherapy applications [1,14] and in the fight against disease-causing agents in plants [5,15,16,17]. In addition, biodiesel can be obtained from essential oils [18,19]. Biodiesel can be obtained using biotechnological methods [20,21], the transesterification method, and from solid wastes left after obtaining essential oil from plants [22] via the pyrolysis method.
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel that has the potential to reduce emissions and dependence on fossil fuels [23]. Biodiesel produced from materials such as household food waste, poultry farming waste, and waste tires are classified as first-generation biodiesel fuels [24]. A first-generation biodiesel can achieve good results, as can a second-generation biodiesel [25]. However, the biodiesel production process from first-generation sources is more laborious and complex than that from second-generation sources [26]. The large amount of biomass waste remaining after essential oil production represents an important biodiesel production source [27]. Hence, it has gained increasing attention. Essential oil is derived from plants and has properties that make it a promising feedstock for producing biodiesel [28,29]. It is used to operate diesel engines in vehicles by mixing biodiesel obtained from essential oils with diesel fuel [30,31]. A large portion of carbon monoxide emissions originate from vehicle emissions using fossil fuels [32,33], while a more environmentally friendly, renewable, and cleaner fuel is obtained with the fuel mixture created by adding biodiesel obtained from essential oils to diesel oil [34]. Thus, pollutant emissions released to the environment as a result of fuel combustion are reduced [35,36]. Reducing pollutant emissions also has a positive effect in negating global warming [37,38,39]. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines operated by biodiesel produced from essential oil [40,41]. Bibliometric analysis, which employs mathematical, statistical, and other measurement techniques, is useful for revealing the academic strength of a research finding and the possibility of citation/co-citation models [42]. Bibliometric analysis aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research trends and developments in a field [43,44,45,46]. In this study, the goal of bibliometric analysis was to review the literature on the use of essential oils and volatile plant oils as biofuels for compression ignition engines and provide a comprehensive summary of the research in this area as it stands today.
The main objectives of this bibliometric analysis [42,47] were as follows:
  • To perform a thorough analysis of the literature regarding the use of biodiesel production from essential oils to power compression ignition engines.
  • To analyze the research trends and publishing patterns in the field, including the number of publications, authors, countries, and journals.
  • To identify the key topics and research gaps in the field and make suggestions for future investigations.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Data Collection

Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS) is a comprehensive academic database that provides access to high-quality research from various scientific fields, including the natural sciences, social sciences, engineering, and humanities [48,49]. The database is widely used by researchers, scholars, and students to find and cite relevant research articles, conference proceedings, and other scholarly materials [50]. One of the notable features of Web of Science is its citation index, which tracks the number of times an article has been cited by other publications. This allows researchers to identify the most influential and impactful research in a particular field and track the progression of ideas over time. In addition, Web of Science includes a variety of search tools and filters to help users find the most relevant and up-to-date research [48,51]. Users can search by keyword, author, publication, or citation and narrow their results by date range, subject area, and other criteria [52,53]. The WoS Core Collection database (1981–present) (last data download 4 February 2023) was utilized to find research publications on the topic of essential oils. Accordingly, 48,537 documents were found that contain the words “essential oil” OR “volatile oil”. To narrow down the findings, the search was restricted to publications with the following keyword query:
Topic: (“biodiesel fuel” OR “engine emission” OR “diesel fuel” OR “pyrolysis” OR “biodiesel” OR “biofuel” OR “diesel”)
Then, 186 articles from the WoS Core Collection were examined, and the findings were further filtered by document type (article or review). There were no language restrictions. Total records and cited references from the analyzed papers were downloaded and imported into VOSviewer (version 1.6.18, 2022, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands) for further citation analysis [54].

2.2. Bibliometric Analysis and Clustering

WoS data were visualized (network and overlay) using the software VOSviewer to determine co-occurrence and clusters of related articles, country, organization, and author collaboration (co-authorship), as well as clusters of interrelated research topics (text data). VOSviewer was utilized to illustrate the international collaboration among the authors, organizations, and nations, as well as trends in research across all keywords [55]. Items are displayed in the figures of this paper by a label and a circle. The weight (relative importance) of an item is indicated by the size of the circle. According to the program’s calculations, the colors in the chain representation reflected arrays of related components. The strength of the relationships was represented by the distance between the items [56].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Time Trend Analysis, Publication Type, and Language

Increasing population growth, industrialization, and welfare have resulted in an increase in the use of fossil fuels, which has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Its adverse effects have been linked to increased floods, droughts, forest fires, and glacier melting, among other natural disasters. At the Paris Climate Conference (2015), which was held during the Conference of the Parties (COP21), an agreement was signed to limit global warming to below 2 °C. Achieving this objective will necessitate severe emission reductions to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The substitution of fossil fuels with biofuels derived from plant biomass has the potential to drastically decrease emissions of greenhouse gases [57,58,59,60]. For that purpose, biofuels are receiving increasing research attention. In this study, five document types were discovered, under which there were 186 publications researching crops containing essential oils in the production of biodiesel, which is an important biofuel type. The types of documents and languages of the publications are shown in Table 1.
Among these document types, the most common were 164 articles (88.17%) and 22 reviews (11.83%), followed by 7 book chapters (3.76%), 5 early-access articles (2.69%), and 3 proceedings articles (0.89%). The majority of the documentation is written in English (98.93%), with small amounts in Chinese and Turkish (1.08%). Figure 1 illustrates the increase in the quantity of publications and citations related to the topic. Since the data were retrieved on 4 February, it is not surprising that there are few publications and citations in 2023.

3.2. Categories and Research Areas of Web of Science

In the science edition of WoS, there are sixteen subject categories and sixteen research areas pertaining to the influence of biodiesel production from essential oil (Table 2). The first eight WoS categories are Energy Fuels (33; 17.742%), Chemical Engineering (27; 14.516%), Food Science Technology (21; 11.290%), Analytical Chemistry (20; 10.753%), Environmental Sciences (20; 10.753%), Multidisciplinary Chemistry (19; 10.215%), Applied Chemistry (14; 7.527%), and Agronomy (11; 5.914%). The first eight research areas are Chemistry (60; 32.258%), Engineering (42; 22.581%), Energy Fuels (33; 17.742%), Environmental Sciences/Ecology (24; 12.903%), Food Science Technology (21; 11.290%), Agriculture (18; 9.677%), Biochemistry/Molecular Biology (18; 9.677%), and Science Technology Other Topics (16; 8.602%). The WoS allows for the classification of journals and publications into two or more categories, demonstrating the multidisciplinary character of this subject area [61,62]. The WoS also maps publications to WoS classes, which are more specialized than fields [63,64].

3.3. Core Journals

According to JCR 2021 data (released in 2022), research on the influence of biodiesel production from essential oil is featured in 25 journals across all categories of WoS. The leading 20 base journals are listed in Table 3. The leading 5, leading 10, leading 15, leading 20, and leading 25 journals published 13.97%, 21.50%, 26.88%, 32.25%, and 37.09% of the articles, respectively. The most effective journal was Industrial Crops and Products with eight articles (4.301%), followed by Fuel (7%; 3.763%), Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis (4%; 2.151%), Journal of Chromatography A (4%; 2.151), and Energy Fuels (3%; 1.613%). Each of these journals published more than three articles. There were 11 journals from Q1 (quartile), 10 journals from Q2, 3 journals from Q3, and 1 journal from Q4 among the top 25 journals (Table 3). It is crucial that the publications appear in a journal with a high impact factor (IF). Citation analysis is not a measure of scientific excellence, but a reflection of its importance [65,66,67].

3.4. Author Co-Authorship Analysis

Internationally collaborative articles were accompanied by interinstitutional collaborative publications, single-country articles, and single-author articles, which had the maximum visibility and scholarly impact on average [68,69]. According to the publication data, 932 authors produced the 186 works. There were 932 authors who had at least one publication. Nevertheless, just 35 authors were interconnected. Figure 2 displays the WoS authorship network for the study of the effects of essential oils on biodiesel production. The circle sizes show the number of records. Authors who belong to the same cluster have studied the same subject and collaborated closely.
Table 4 includes information on citations, average citations, organizations, and nations for the authors of studies between 1981 and 2023 addressing the impact of adding essential oils to biodiesel production. The leading 20 writers who have produced more than nine articles are included in Table 4, along with their total citations, average citations, organizations, and countries. After correcting for different spellings of author names, the leading five authors were Rahman, S. M. A., Cantrell, C. L., Zheljazkov, V.D., Astatkie, T., and Brown, R. J.; each published more than 2 articles. The top nine authors with the most citations per article were Rahman, S. M. A., Dowell, A., Davin, Laurence B., Cantrell, C. L., Zheljazkov, V. D., Kaloustian, J., Brown, R. J., Nabi, Md. N., Ristovski, Z. D., Islam, M. A. Their average citation per article was over 53.22. Among the top 20 authors, there were six from Australia, four from the United States, four from Hungary, three from Spain, and one each from Canada, Denmark, and France.

3.5. Country/Region Co-Authorship Analysis

There were 54 countries or areas that contributed to this study’s 186 papers. The top 14 nations or locations where more than two articles originated are listed in Table 5. The top five article-producing nations were China, the United States, India, Australia, and France. China, France, Malaysia, Canada, and the United States produced the most citations per paper. An international country co-authorship network map was developed using VOSviewer software. The threshold has been set to 1. A total of 53 nations/regions fulfilled the criteria, and 38 nations /regions were interlinked (Figure 3).
The VOSviewer software classified these 38 countries into eight distinct color groupings. The size of a circle symbolizes each record, while the range between nations reflects the power of their relationships. The different color ranges and groups were established in accordance with the countries. India, the United States, China, Germany, Australia, and Brazil had the six largest circles (Figure 3). The initial cluster included seven countries and regions (red color): Bangladesh, India, Mexico, China, Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. The second cluster included seven countries/regions (green): Egypt, Greece, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. The third cluster included six countries (blue): Brazil, England, Hungary, Scotland, Spain, and Venezuela. The fourth cluster consisted of five countries and regions (yellow): Austria, Czech Republic, France, Italy, and Japan. The fifth cluster consisted of four countries (violet): Australia, Germany, Israel, and Norway. The sixth cluster consisted of three countries (light blue): Belgium, Estonia, and Romania. The seventh cluster consisted of three countries (orange): Indonesia, Netherlands, and Taiwan. The eighth cluster consisted of three countries (brown): Canada, Sweden, and the United States. China demonstrated increased studies and collaboration in the field of biodiesel production from essential oil. It appears that increasing cooperation results in more sophisticated scientific research output. Hence, geographic location is a significant aspect that influences international cooperation. The increasing number of international exchanges has facilitated scholarly contacts [70,71,72].

3.6. Organization Co-Authorship Analysis

According to the publication data, 365 organizations produced a total of 186 works. The examination of organization co-authorship indicated the level of communication across institutions as well as the prominent institutions in this field [73,74,75]. The 365 organizations satisfied the lowest threshold of one; however, 22 organizations were linked to one another (Figure 4). The VOSviewer program color-coded those 22 institutions into four distinct clusters. Localization plays a big role in how partnerships and joint ventures are formed [76,77].

3.7. Co-Occurrence Analysis for All Keywords

There were only 75 keywords out of the 846 in total that met the threshold more than twice. The largest collection of linked items, which included 69 items in total, was divided into 10 major clusters (Figure 5).
The first cluster (red) highlighted diesel, fuel, and engine performance. It consisted of 11 keywords: fuel, fuel properties, diesel, emissions, combustion, combustion characteristics, compression ignition engine, engine performance, terpenoids, and particulate matter.
The second cluster (green) focused on solvents such as limonene, which are used to extract lipids from microalgae. The keywords were ranked as follows: microalgae, limonene, menthol, terpenes, carvacrol, viscosity, activation energy, kinetics, thermal analysis, and response surface methodology.
The third cluster (blue) focused on biofuel production from essential oils. It included keywords such as biofuels, bioproducts, biorefinery, bioactive compounds, crude glycerol, analytical pyrolysis, mass spectrometry, and sustainability.
The fourth cluster (yellow) focused on green chemistry. The keywords included green chemistry, cellulose, holocellulose, lignin, wood, drying, chemical analysis, and ionic liquids.
The fifth cluster (violet) focused on the pyrolysis process and the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of pyroligneous acid from Rosmarinus officinalis. It included keywords such as pyrolysis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, GC-MS, pyroligneous acid, and Rosmarinus officinalis.
The sixth cluster (light blue) focused on bioethanol production from renewable raw materials. The keywords included bioethanol, biosynthesis, eugenol, metabolic engineering, switchgrass, and vegetable oil.
The seventh group (orange) concerned obtaining biodiesel from essential oils. It included keywords such as activated carbon, biodiesel diesel, engine, lemon, essential oil, and oxidation stability.
The eighth group (brown) focused on essential oil extraction. The keywords included bio-oil, emulsion, essential oil, oxidative stability, and pretreatment.
The ninth group focused on obtaining biofuels. It included keywords such as biofuels, chemical inhibition testing, cosmetics, food, and supercritical fluid extraction.
The tenth group focuses on supercritical fluid extraction for fuels. The keywords included ancient Egypt, biomass, extraction, and oxidation.
Figure 6, illustrated by VOSviewer, shows co-occurrence overlay mapping of the most common keywords (a least two occurrences) for Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil. In recent years, it can be seen that some keywords (green-yellow) have been used frequently. These words are: essential oil, biofuel, biodiesel, combustion performance, and microalgae.

4. Conclusions

In this study, 186 WoS papers (articles and reviews) on biodiesel production from essential oils were analyzed. The majority of these papers were written in English (98.93%) and were published by 932 authors from 54 countries/territories and 365 organizations. These papers were published in diverse categories of the WoS Core Collection. The five leading base journals were as follows: Industrial Crops and Products; Fuel; Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis; Journal of Chromatography A; and Energy Fuels. The top five article-producing nations were China, the United States, India, Australia, and France. The top five organizations were Queensland University of Technology, Southern Cross University, Central Queensland University, Colorado State University, and UDICE-French Research Universities. The top five authors were Rahman, S. M. A., Cantrell, C. L., Zheljazkov, V. D., Astatkie, T., and Brown, R. J. The keywords from research on biodiesel production from essential oil were divided into ten clusters with distinct research subjects. Cluster interpretation can only be offered exploratorily and is always subjective. Other experts may identify more patterns. In addition to relying on vocabulary chosen by the authors, which may be idiosyncratic, such research is also limited by its reliance on nomenclature. On the other hand, this could be considered a strength since the authors are adept at choosing their terms. They may alter throughout time, which is detectable through visualizations. So, such a study can serve as a resource for researchers. It provides useful information on the current condition of a scientific topic or discipline and predicts potential future advances. The analysis and visualizations shown here provide explorative data about the state of a particular scholarly area/discipline at the present time and suggest potential directions for future research.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the author.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Annual growth of publications and their total citations per year on biodiesel production from essential oil (1981–2023).
Figure 1. Annual growth of publications and their total citations per year on biodiesel production from essential oil (1981–2023).
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Figure 2. Web of Science network visualization map of authors of studies on biodiesel production from essential oil.
Figure 2. Web of Science network visualization map of authors of studies on biodiesel production from essential oil.
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Figure 3. The country co-authorship network of research on biodiesel production from essential oil with 38 nodes and 8 clusters.
Figure 3. The country co-authorship network of research on biodiesel production from essential oil with 38 nodes and 8 clusters.
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Figure 4. The organization co-authorship network of Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
Figure 4. The organization co-authorship network of Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
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Figure 5. VOSviewer co-occurrence network visualization mapping the most frequent keywords (minimum of two occurrences) in Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
Figure 5. VOSviewer co-occurrence network visualization mapping the most frequent keywords (minimum of two occurrences) in Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
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Figure 6. VOSviewer co-occurrence overlay visualization mapping of most frequent keywords (minimum of two occurrences) for Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
Figure 6. VOSviewer co-occurrence overlay visualization mapping of most frequent keywords (minimum of two occurrences) for Web of Science research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
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Table
Table 1. Document types and languages of the publications on Web of Science concerning biodiesel production from essential oil.
Table 1. Document types and languages of the publications on Web of Science concerning biodiesel production from essential oil.
RankDocument TypeRecords% of 186LanguageRecords% of 186
1Article16488.172English18498.925
2Review Article2211.828Chinese10.538
3Book Chapters73.763Turkish10.538
4Early Access52.688
5Proceeding Paper31.613
Table
Table 2. Web of Science (WoS) categories and research areas concerning biodiesel production from essential oil.
Table 2. Web of Science (WoS) categories and research areas concerning biodiesel production from essential oil.
RankWoS CategoriesTPRatio (%)Research AreasTPRatio (%)
1Energy Fuels3317.742Chemistry6032.258
2Chemical Engineering 2714.516Engineering4222.581
3Food Science Technology2111.290Energy Fuels3317.742
4Analytical Chemistry2010.753Environmental Sciences/Ecology2412.903
5Environmental Sciences2010.753Food Science Technology2111.290
6Multidisciplinary Chemistry1910.215Agriculture189.677
7Applied Chemistry147.527Biochemistry Molecular/Biology189.677
8Agronomy115.914Science Technology/Other T opics168.602
9Biochemistry/Molecular Biology115.914Plant Sciences115.914
10Environmental Engineering115.914Materials Science105.376
11Plant Sciences115.914Biotechnology/Applied Microbiology94.839
12Green Sustainable Science Technology105.376Thermodynamics84.301
13Agricultural Engineering94.839Polymer Science63.226
14Biotechnology/Applied Microbiology94.839Geology52.688
15Physical Chemistry94.839Integrative Complementary Medicine31.613
16Thermodynamics84.301Spectroscopy31.613
Ratio refers to the percentage out of 186. TP = total publications.
Table
Table 3. The top 25 journals on Web of Science for research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
Table 3. The top 25 journals on Web of Science for research on biodiesel production from essential oil.
RankJournalTPRatioIF 2021IF 5-yrQC
1Industrial Crops and Products84.3016.4496.508Q1
2Fuel73.7638.0357.621Q1
3Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis42.1516.4375.914Q1
4Journal of Chromatography A42.1514.6014.313Q1
5Energy Fuels31.6134.6544.582Q2
6Journal of Cleaner Production31.61311.07211.016Q1
7Journal of The American Oil Chemists Society31.6131.9522.346Q3
8Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry31.6134.7553.641Q1
9Molecules31.6134.9275.110Q2
10ACS Omega21.0754.1324.197Q2
11Algal Research Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts21.0755.2765.813Q2
12Energies21.0753.2523.333Q3
13Food Chemistry21.0759.2318.795Q1
14Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry21.0755.8956.048Q1
15Journal of Applied Polymer Science21.0753.0572.813Q2
16Journal of Essential Oil Research21.0752.5322.450Q2
17Journal of Hazardous Materials21.07514.22412.984Q1
18Marine and Petroleum Geology21.0755.3615.476Q1
19Organic Geochemistry21.0753.6234.402Q2
20PLoS ONE21.0753.7524.069Q2
21Polymer Degradation and Stability21.0755.2045.147Q1
22Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry21.0752.5862.538Q3
23Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry21.0751.2541.063Q4
24Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy21.0755.4645.599Q2
25AAPG Bulletin10.5383.8634.470Q2
Ratio refers to the percentage out of 186. IF = impact factor; QC = quartile in the category; TP = total publications. Data are from the 2021 edition of Journal Citation Reports.
Table
Table 4. Top 20 most prolific authors who published articles in the field of biodiesel production from essential oil on Web of Science.
Table 4. Top 20 most prolific authors who published articles in the field of biodiesel production from essential oil on Web of Science.
RankAuthorArticlesCitationsOrganizationCountry
1Rahman, S. M. Ashrafur691Queensland University of TechnologyAustralia
2Cantrell, Charles L.547Mississippi State UniversityUnited States
3Zheljazkov, Valtcho D.547Oregon State UniversityUnited States
4Astatkie, Tessema319Dalhousie UniversityCanada
5Brown, Richard J.337Queensland University of TechnologyAustralia
6Dowell, Ashley382Southern Cross UniversityAustralia
7Kaloustian, Jacques347UDICE-French Research UniversitiesFrance
8Nabi, Md. Nurun337Central Queensland UniversityAustralia
9Ristovski, Zoran (Ristovski, Z. D.)337Queensland University of TechnologyAustralia
10Islam, Aminul (Islam, M. A.)337Technical University of DenmarkDenmark
11Aucejo, Susana (Aucejo, S.)213ITENE Research CenterSpain
12Babinszki, Bence (Babinszki, B.)221Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungary
13Barta-Rajnai, Eszter (Barta-Rajnai, E.)221Hungarian Research Centre for Natural SciencesHungary
14Saldaña, Jose Maria Bermudez (Bermudez, J. M.)213ITENE Research CenterSpain
15Blazso, Marianne (Blazso, M.)221Hungarian Research Centre for Natural SciencesHungary
16Burkhardt, Andy (Burkhardt, Andy)228Montana State University United States
17Camean, Ana Maria (Camean, A. M.)213University of SevillaSpain
18Czegeny, Zs.221Hungarian Academy of SciencesHungary
19Davin, Laurence B.254Washington State UniversityUnited States
20Dowell, Averie (Dowell, A.)29Southern Cross UniversityAustralia
Table
Table 5. Top 14 countries/regions publishing articles on Web of Science in the field of biodiesel production from essential oil.
Table 5. Top 14 countries/regions publishing articles on Web of Science in the field of biodiesel production from essential oil.
RankCountry/RegionRecordsClusterTotal Link StrengthCitations
1China2745485
2United States231023332
3India2356258
4Australia15817243
5France1034419
6Canada857358
7Egypt757107
8Malaysia722408
9Saudi Arabia55938
10Taiwan41169
11Greece31175
12Pakistan3335
13Republic of Korea35624
14Austria28034
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Biberci, M.A. Bibliometric Analysis of the Use of Biodiesel Production from Essential Oils as Biofuels. Processes 2023, 11, 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11040974

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Biberci MA. Bibliometric Analysis of the Use of Biodiesel Production from Essential Oils as Biofuels. Processes. 2023; 11(4):974. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11040974

Chicago/Turabian Style

Biberci, Mehmet Ali. 2023. "Bibliometric Analysis of the Use of Biodiesel Production from Essential Oils as Biofuels" Processes 11, no. 4: 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11040974

APA Style

Biberci, M. A. (2023). Bibliometric Analysis of the Use of Biodiesel Production from Essential Oils as Biofuels. Processes, 11(4), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11040974

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