Integration of Chemical Looping Combustion to a Gasified Stream with Low Hydrogen Content
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art
2.1. The Chemical Looping Combustion Process
2.2. The Process of Selecting an Oxygen Carrier
- (a)
- Selective for reduction and oxidation products.
- (b)
- Demonstrating stability throughout multiple combustion-regeneration cycles.
- (c)
- Mechanically resistant to the stress of reaction conditions in each reactor.
- (d)
- Being economically feasible and environmentally friendly.
2.3. Syngas
3. Methodology
3.1. Heat of Formation
3.2. Thermodynamic Analysis
- -
- If the Gibbs free energy value is less than zero, the reaction is exergonic and will proceed spontaneously in the forward reaction to form products.
- -
- If the Gibbs free energy value is higher than zero, the reaction is endergonic, therefore it will require an input of energy to occur, being considered an unnatural or non-spontaneous reaction in the pathway described.
- -
- If the Gibbs free energy value is equal to zero, the system will be in equilibrium and both the concentration of products and reactants will remain constant.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Analysis of the Feasibility of Using Ilmenite for Total Oxidation of Syngas in a CLC Process
4.2. Implementation of a Syngas Stream at 650 °C
4.3. Heterogeneous Reaction Mechanism for the CLC System Proposed
- Reagent transfer at the interface.
- Diffusivity of the reagent.
- Adsorption of the reagent into the catalyst.
- Surface reaction (interaction between sites).
- Desorption.
- Diffusivity of the product.
- Product transfer at the interface.
- = number of total moles fed to the system;
- = moles of ferric oxide fed to the system;
- = moles of hematite present in the system;
- = moles of oxygen fed to the regenerator;
- = reaction coordinate;
- = regenerator equilibrium constant.
4.4. Preparation of Synthetic Ilmenite at the Laboratory Level
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Natural Ilmenite Ore | Activated Ilmenite |
---|---|---|
Fe2O3 (mass fraction) | 0.112 | 0.220 |
Fe2TiO5 (mass fraction) | 0.547 | 0.385 |
TiO2 (mass fraction) | 0.286 | 0.340 |
Inert (mass fraction) | 0.055 | 0.055 |
Mineral Density (kg m−3) | 4100 | 4250 |
R0, ilm (%) | 4.0 | 3.3 |
Heat Reaction | kJ/mol |
---|---|
2 Fe + 3/2O2 → Fe2O3 | 810.3 |
2 FeO + 1/2O2 → Fe2O3 | 279.5 |
2 Fe3O4 + 1/2O2 → 3 Fe2O3 | 80.9 |
2FeTiO3 +1/2O2 → Fe2TiO5 + TiO2 | 214.2 |
Fe2TiO4 + 1/2O2 → Fe2TiO5 | 219.0 |
2FeTi2O4 + 3/2O2 → Fe2TiO5 + 3TiO2 | 938.6 |
Calorific Capacity | kJ/°C × mol |
Hematite (Fe2O3)s | 0.1398 |
Magnetite (Fe3O4)s | 0.2035 |
Pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5)s | 0.2174 |
Titania (TiO2)s | 0.0758 |
Ilmenite (FeTiO3)s | 0.1353 |
Compound | |||
---|---|---|---|
Fe2TiO5 | −1565.3 | 0.1714 | 0.2174 |
Fe2O3 | −824.2 | 0.0874 | 0.1398 |
FeTiO3 | −1235.23 | 0.1249 | 0.1353 |
Fe3O4 | −1118.4 | 0.1464 | 0.2035 |
TiO2 | −180.49 | 0.151 | 0.0758 |
CO | −110.13 | 0.1976 | 0.02916 |
H2 | 0 | 0.1307 | 0.02882 |
CO2 | −393.51 | 0.21378 | 0.03711 |
H2O | −241.82 | 0.18883 | 0.03358 |
O2 | 0 | 0.20513 | 0.02935 |
Pseudobrookite Route | Combustor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | ||||
CO | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0 = 100 − ε1 = 100(1 − | 0.0 |
H2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0 = 100 − ε2 = 100(1 − | 0.0 |
Fe2TiO5 | 0.0 | 2985.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
TiO2 | 0.0 | 2985.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
FeTiO3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5970.0 |
CO2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ε2 = 100.0 | 0.0 |
H2O | 0.0 | 0.0 | ε1 = 100.0 | 0.0 |
Ferric Oxide Route | Combustor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | ||||
H2 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0=100 − ε1 = 100(1 − | 0.0 |
CO | 100.0 | 0.0 | 0=100 − ε2 = 100(1 − | 0.0 |
Fe2O3 | 0.0 | 18,181.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fe3O4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12,121.2 |
H2O | 0.0 | 0.0 | ε1 = 100.0 | 0.0 |
CO2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ε2 = 100.0 | 0.0 |
Regenerator | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compound | ||||
FeTiO3 | 5970.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fe2TiO5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2985.0 |
TiO2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2985.0 |
Fe3O4 | 12,121.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Fe2O3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18,181.8 |
N2 | 0.0 | 17,014.3 | 17,014.3 | 0.0 |
O2 | 0.0 | 4522.8 | 0 = 4522.8 − ε2 | 0.0 |
Reaction Route | H2 (Fe2TiO5) | CO (Fe2TiO5) | H2 (Fe2O3) | CO (Fe2O3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Combustor (kW) | −342.99 | −341.02 | 183.35 | 186.40 |
Regenerator (kW) | 606.92 | 606.92 | −400.5 | −400.5 |
Total (kW) | 263.93 | 265.90 | −217.15 | −214.1 |
Fuel | ∆Hcomb (kJ/mol) | ∆Hreg (kJ/mol) | ∆Htot (kJ/mol) | ∆Scomb (kJ/molK) | ∆Sreg (kJ/molK) | ∆Stot (kJ/molK) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 (1) | −982.992 | 1464.001 | 481.009 | −0.039653 | −0.037556 | −0.077209 |
H2 (2) | 40.234 | −475.809 | −435.579 | 0.420709 | −0.272753 | 0.147957 |
CO (1) | −1021.601 | 1464.001 | 442.402 | −0.077100 | −0.037556 | −0.114657 |
CO (2) | −51.696 | −475.809 | −527.505 | 0.040498 | −0.272753 | −0.232254 |
Fuel | ∆Gcomb (kJ/mol) | Kcomb | ∆Greg (kJ/mol) | Kreg | ∆Gtot (kJ/mol) | |
H2 (1) | −934.491 | 8.10745 × 1039 | 1509.938 | 3.27894 × 10−65 | 575.448 | |
H2 (2) | −474.367 | 1.81265 × 1020 | −142.191 | 1.18168 × 106 | −616.552 | |
CO (1) | −927.297 | 3.99622 × 1039 | 1509.938 | 3.27894 × 10−65 | 582.642 | |
CO (2) | −101.232 | 21,051 × 104 | −142.191 | 1.18168 × 106 | −243.423 |
Fuel | ∆Hcomb (kJ/mol) | ∆Hreg (kJ/mol) | ∆HTot (kJ/mol) | ∆Scomb (kJ/molK) | ∆Sreg (kJ/molK) | ∆Stot (kJ/molK) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 (1) | −971.842 | 1454.095 | 482.253 | −0.01949005 | −0.055470 | −0.074960 |
H2 (2) | 8.980 | −472.965 | −463.985 | 0.36419965 | −0.267610 | 0.096589 |
CO (1) | −1012.445 | 1454.095 | 441.650 | −0.06054241 | −0.055470 | −0.116012 |
CO (2) | −48.915 | −472.965 | −521.880 | 0.04552780 | −0.267610 | −0.222083 |
Fuel | ∆Gcomb (kJ/mol) | Kcomb | ∆Greg (kJ/mol) | Kreg | ∆Gtot (kJ/mol) | |
H2 (1) | −948.003 | 3.06150 × 1040 | 1521.943 | 1.00705 × 10−65 | 573.940 | |
H2 (2) | −436.491 | 4.37542 × 1018 | −145.637 | 1.65800 × 106 | −582.128 | |
CO (1) | −938.393 | 1.18992 × 1040 | 1521.943 | 1.00705 × 10−65 | 583.550 | |
CO (2) | −104.602 | 29,322.8025 | −145.637 | 1.65800 × 106 | −250.240 |
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Fraga-Cruz, G.S.; Pérez-Méndez, M.A.; Jiménez-García, G.; Huirache-Acuña, R.; Nápoles-Rivera, F.; Espino-Valencia, J.; Maya-Yescas, R. Integration of Chemical Looping Combustion to a Gasified Stream with Low Hydrogen Content. Processes 2024, 12, 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12051033
Fraga-Cruz GS, Pérez-Méndez MA, Jiménez-García G, Huirache-Acuña R, Nápoles-Rivera F, Espino-Valencia J, Maya-Yescas R. Integration of Chemical Looping Combustion to a Gasified Stream with Low Hydrogen Content. Processes. 2024; 12(5):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12051033
Chicago/Turabian StyleFraga-Cruz, Guadalupe S., Mario A. Pérez-Méndez, Gladys Jiménez-García, Rafael Huirache-Acuña, Fabricio Nápoles-Rivera, Jaime Espino-Valencia, and Rafael Maya-Yescas. 2024. "Integration of Chemical Looping Combustion to a Gasified Stream with Low Hydrogen Content" Processes 12, no. 5: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12051033