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Article

Ibuprofen Formulations: Permeability and Biodegradability Comparison Depending on the Type of Formulation

by
Edyta Kucharska
1,
Berin Ok
1,2,
Anna Nowak
3,
Łukasz Kucharski
3,
Anna Muzykiewicz-Szymańska
3 and
Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska
1,*
1
Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
2
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Iki Eylul Campus, 26555 Eskisehir, Turkey
3
Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Ave. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2024, 12(6), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061236
Submission received: 9 April 2024 / Revised: 13 June 2024 / Accepted: 14 June 2024 / Published: 16 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biodegradation Technologies for Environmental Pollutants)

Abstract

This study assesses ibuprofen’s permeability to different formulations and their biodegradation. Hydrogel, organogel, Eucerin ointment, silicone ointment, and zinc ointment were investigated. The objective was to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and environmental implications of these formulations. Diverse formulations were examined through the utilisation of Franz diffusion chambers to evaluate the in vitro permeability of both ibuprofen and ibuprofenate sodium. Moreover, biodegradation studies of the obtained formulations were carried out with activated sludge. The activity of the inoculum was confirmed by using SDS as a reference compound. The experimental settings used (carbon content and inoculum volume) were selected based on the criteria set by the OECD guidelines. Relevant parameters pertaining to the biodegradation process were estimated, including biodegradation values (%B) at specific time points, half-lives of initial compounds and API-containing formulations, and degradation phases (lag phase I; degradation phase II, and plate phase III). For comparison purposes, biodegradation studies were also carried out for the initial IBU and IBUNa compounds under the same conditions. The environmental implications of these findings underscore the need for a balanced consideration of therapeutic efficacy and environmental sustainability in pharmaceutical formulation design. This study provides valuable insights for pharmaceutical researchers, environmental scientists, and regulatory bodies involved in the development and assessment of drug formulations. The proposed method of removing NSAIDs from aquatic ecosystems is a cheaper alternative to techniques such as reverse osmosis, oxidation, UV degradation, or photolysis, which have not found practical use owing to the generation of toxic sludge or high capital and operating costs.
Keywords: permeability; biodegradability; ibuprofen; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; drug formulation permeability; biodegradability; ibuprofen; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; drug formulation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kucharska, E.; Ok, B.; Nowak, A.; Kucharski, Ł.; Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, A.; Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P. Ibuprofen Formulations: Permeability and Biodegradability Comparison Depending on the Type of Formulation. Processes 2024, 12, 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061236

AMA Style

Kucharska E, Ok B, Nowak A, Kucharski Ł, Muzykiewicz-Szymańska A, Ossowicz-Rupniewska P. Ibuprofen Formulations: Permeability and Biodegradability Comparison Depending on the Type of Formulation. Processes. 2024; 12(6):1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kucharska, Edyta, Berin Ok, Anna Nowak, Łukasz Kucharski, Anna Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, and Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska. 2024. "Ibuprofen Formulations: Permeability and Biodegradability Comparison Depending on the Type of Formulation" Processes 12, no. 6: 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061236

APA Style

Kucharska, E., Ok, B., Nowak, A., Kucharski, Ł., Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, A., & Ossowicz-Rupniewska, P. (2024). Ibuprofen Formulations: Permeability and Biodegradability Comparison Depending on the Type of Formulation. Processes, 12(6), 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12061236

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