Average Carbon Number Analysis and Relationship with Octane Number and PIONA Analysis of Premium and Regular Gasoline Expended in Ecuador
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Determination of Research Octane Number
2.3. GC-MS Analysis
2.4. PIONA Analysis
2.5. Calculation of the Average Carbon Number
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Determination of Research Octane Number
3.2. PIONA Analysis
3.3. Analysis of Average Carbon Number
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
N° | Gasoline Type | Volume (mL) | Sampler | Gas Station | Location | Coordinates | Collection Date dd/mm/yy | Collection Time | Reception Date dd/mm/yy | Reception Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Extra | - | Melanie Muela | Primax | Iñaquito | 0°10′29″ S 78°29′16″ W | 07/02/22 | 15:00:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:30:00 |
2 | Extra | 40 | Liney Mejía | Primax | Carcelén | 0°05′30″ S 78°28′36″ W | 07/03/22 | 19:52:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:21:00 |
3 | Extra | 50 | Guido Acevedo | Mobil | La Magdalena | 0°14′27″ S 78°31′38″ W | 07/03/22 | 17:00:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:20:00 |
4 | Extra | 260 | Lizbeth Alarcón | Petroecuador | Quitumbe | 0°17′49″ S 78°33′32″ W | 07/03/22 | 16:44:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:22:00 |
5 | Extra | 40 | Zaid Falcón | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°11′48″ S 78°29′58″ W | 07/03/22 | 12:30:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:10:00 |
6 | Extra | 60 | Jessica Totoy | Primax | Sangolquí | 0°21′56″ S 78°28′30″ W | 07/03/22 | 10:37:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:20:00 |
7 | Extra | - | Gabriela Calvache | Primax | La Mena | 0°15′24″ S 78°32′36″ W | 07/02/22 | 14:00:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:20:00 |
8 | Extra | 125 | Angie Avilés | Petroecuador | Posmasqui | 0°03′27″ S 78°27′18″ W | 07/03/22 | 18:05:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:20:00 |
9 | Extra | 250 | Karen Ponce | Petroecuador | Calderón | 0°06′30″ S 78°27′01″ W | 07/10/22 | 17:15:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:30:00 |
10 | Extra | - | Janina Chusquillo | Primax | Jipijapa | 0°08′38″ S 78°28′11″ W | 06/09/22 | 10:00:00 | 06/10/22 | 11:00:00 |
11 | Extra | 340 | Melanie Chamorro | Primax | La Magdalena | 0°14′49″ S 78°31′12″ W | 07/04/22 | 17:00:00 | 07/05/22 | 13:54:00 |
12 | Extra | - | Cassidy Garzón | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°11′48″ S 78°29′58″ W | 07/04/22 | 11:00:00 | 07/05/22 | 14:00:00 |
13 | Extra | 100 | Josselyn López | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°11′48″ S 78°29′58″ W | 07/03/22 | 11:00:00 | 07/05/22 | 13:50:00 |
14 | Extra | 110 | María Pino | Primax | Kennedy | 0°08′03″ S 78°28′26″ W | 07/04/22 | 19:00:00 | 07/05/22 | 13:50:00 |
15 | Extra | 50 | Rodrigo Andrade | Petroecuador | Conocoto | 0°15′12″ S 78°29′02″ W | 07/03/22 | 21:00:00 | 07/07/22 | 15:00:00 |
16 | Extra | 1000 | Andrea Pico | PDV | Comité del Pueblo | 0°06′39″ S 78°28′45″ W | 07/07/22 | 18:50:00 | 07/08/22 | 7:51:00 |
17 | Extra | 600 | Job Segovia | Masgas | Chimbacalle | 0°14′41″ S 78°31′06″ W | 07/07/22 | 7:59:00 | 07/08/22 | 7:26:00 |
18 | Extra | 50 | Javier Villegas | Mobil | La Magdalena | 0°14′27″ S 78°31′38″ W | 07/07/22 | 21:45:00 | 07/08/22 | 7:20:00 |
19 | Extra | 350 | María Gavilanes | E. S. Figueroa | Salcedo | 1°02′29″ S 78°35′08″ W | 07/05/22 | 10:35:00 | 07/07/22 | 7:23:00 |
20 | Extra | 200 | Alisson Clavijo | Primax | Quitumbe | 0°18′13″ S 78°32′32″ W | 07/08/22 | 16:00:00 | 07/09/22 | 7:00:00 |
21 | Extra | 25 | Salma Cadena | Primax | Sangolquí | 0°18′30″ S 78°26′44″ W | 06/09/22 | 15:00:00 | 06/10/22 | 10:50:00 |
22 | Extra | 25 | Salomé Zapata | Terpel | Cochapamba | 0°09′17″ S 78°29′49″ W | 06/09/22 | 16:20:00 | -- | -- |
23 | Extra | 500 | Melany Carrera | Masgas | Tumbaco | 0°12′42″ S 78°23′15″ W | 07/08/22 | 14:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 13:15:00 |
24 | Extra | 200 | Carlos Cadena | Primax | Sangolquí | 0°18′30″ S 78°26′44″ W | 07/08/22 | 17:30:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:01:00 |
25 | Extra | 220 | Laura Palacios | Petroecuador | Comité del Pueblo | 0°06′56″ S 78°28′45″ W | 07/10/22 | 17:38:00 | 07/11/22 | 9:23:00 |
26 | Extra | 200 | Cynthia Carvajal | Petroecuador | Quitumbe | 0°17′49″ S 78°33′32″ W | 07/09/22 | 10:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 9:00:00 |
27 | Extra | 100 | Samanta Ortiz | Primax | El Condado | 0°06′19″ S 78°30′00″ W | 07/10/22 | 15:30:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:00:00 |
28 | Extra | 100 | Dayerlin Guerrero | Primax | El Inca | 0°09′33″ S 78°28′59″ W | 07/10/22 | 12:36:00 | 07/11/22 | 7:10:00 |
29 | Extra | 250 | Daniel Cervantes | P&S | San Antonio | 0°00′24″ N 78°26′25″ W | 07/10/22 | 13:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:00:00 |
30 | Extra | - | Patricia Moreira | Terpel | Conocoto | 0°17′27″ S 78°27′51″ W | 07/10/22 | 16:36:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:36:00 |
31 | Extra | 350 | Pamela Bonilla | Petroecuador | Guamaní | 0°18′41″ S 78°32′50″ W | 07/10/22 | 12:35:00 | 07/12/22 | 11:06:00 |
32 | Extra | 200 | Fernanda Moreno | Primax | Iñaquito | 0°11′48″ S 78°29′35″ W | 07/10/22 | 18:20:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:05:00 |
33 | Extra | 100 | Cristian Sopa | Petroecuador | Guamaní | 0°20′56″ S 78°32′57″ W | 07/09/22 | 19:30:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:00:00 |
34 | Extra | 750 | Daniel Guerrero | Petroecuador | La Mena | 0°15′50″ S 78°33′00″ W | 07/10/22 | 14:40:00 | 07/11/22 | 8:45:00 |
35 | Extra | 250 | Karen Ponce | Petroecuador | Calderón | 0°06′30″ S 78°27′01″ W | 07/10/22 | 17:15:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:30:00 |
36 | Extra | 1000 | Katherine Chulca | Petroecuador | Calderón | 0°06′30″ S 78°27′01″ W | 07/10/22 | 21:15:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:00:00 |
37 | Extra | 500 | Mishell Vega | Masgas | Tumbaco | 0°12′42″ S 78°23′15″ W | 07/08/22 | 14:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 7:15:00 |
38 | Extra | - | Patricia Moreira | Terpel | Conocoto | 0°17′27″ S 78°27′51″ W | 07/10/22 | 16:36:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:36:00 |
39 | Extra | 200 | Stalin Aurea | Petroecuador | Ambato | 1°13′42″ S 78°36′16″ W | 07/08/22 | 20:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 7:00:00 |
40 | Extra | 300 | Gabriel Espinoza | Primax | Sangolquí | 0°20′43″ S 78°27′19″ W | 07/09/22 | 8:30:00 | 11/07/22 | 9:00:00 |
41 | Extra | 200 | Katherine Martínez | Terpel | La Magdalena | 0°14′58″ S 78°31′16″ W | 07/10/22 | 17:42:00 | 07/11/22 | 9:00:00 |
42 | Extra | 100 | Bryan Tupe | Terpel | Tambillo | 0°24′29″ S 78°32′50″ W | 07/10/22 | 20:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:00:00 |
43 | Extra | 50 | Lizeth Loachamin | Primax | Sangolquí | 0°20′43″ S 78°27′19″ W | 07/10/22 | 10:20:00 | 07/11/22 | 8:40:00 |
44 | Extra | 50 | Jhon Suquitana | Primax | Amaguaña | 0°20′43″ S 78°27′19″ W | 07/10/22 | 10:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 7:20:00 |
45 | Extra | 150 | Sandra Chango | Primax | Ambato | 1°15′00″ S 78°37′58″ W | 07/08/22 | 17:27:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:00:00 |
46 | Extra | - | Jhuliana Vinueza | Primax | Alangasí | 0°19′36″ S 78°23′43″ W | 07/10/22 | 10:30:00 | 07/11/22 | 8:40:00 |
47 | Extra | 200 | Katherine Vega | Masgas | Atuntaqui | 0°18′50″ N 78°13′26″ W | 07/10/22 | 15:00:00 | 07/10/22 | 7:20:00 |
48 | Extra | 250 | Robinson Yandún | P&S | Cotocollao | 0°07′16″ S 78°30′18″ W | 07/11/22 | 21:45:00 | 07/12/22 | 8:30:00 |
50 | Extra | 100 | Dayana Merizalde | Mobil | La Magdalena | 0°14′27″ S 78°31′38″ W | 07/10/22 | 16:07:00 | 07/11/22 | 7:00:00 |
51 | Extra | 50 | Lizbeth Abril | Petroecuador | Sangolquí | 0°18′11″ S 78°27′57″ W | 06/06/22 | 17:00:00 | 06/07/22 | 14:00:00 |
52 | Extra | 500 | Juliett Fernández | Primax | Jipijapa | 0°08′38″ S 78°28′11″ W | 07/09/22 | 12:45:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:30:00 |
53 | Extra | Santiago Pati | Primax | Comité del Pueblo | 0°06′02″ S 78°28′17″ W | 07/09/22 | ||||
54 | Extra | - | Juan Noroña | Terpel | Conocoto | 0°17′27″ S 78°27′51″ W | 07/11/22 | 5:45:00 | 07/11/22 | 13:15:00 |
1 | Súper | - | Melanie Muela | Primax | Iñaquito | 0°10′29″ S 78°29′16″ W | 07/02/22 | 15:00:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:30:00 |
2 | Súper | 40 | Liney Mejía | Primax | Carcelén | 0°05′30″ S 78°28′36″ W | 07/03/22 | 19:52:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:21:00 |
3 | Súper | 50 | Guido Acevedo | Mobil | La Magdalena | 0°14′27″ S 78°31′38″ W | 07/03/22 | 17:00:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:20:00 |
4 | Súper | 260 | Lizbeth Alarcón | Petroecuador | Quitumbe | 0°17′49″ S 78°33′32″ W | 07/03/22 | 16:44:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:22:00 |
5 | Súper | 40 | Zaid Falcón | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°11′48″ S 78°29′58″ W | 07/03/22 | 12:30:00 | 07/04/22 | 7:10:00 |
6 | Súper | 25 | Mario Guilcapi | Petroecuador | Chimbacalle | 0°14′13″ S 78°30′29″ W | 06/10/22 | 10:30:00 | 06/10/22 | 10:50:00 |
7 | Súper | 25 | Mario Guilcapi | Primax | Chimbacalle | 0°14′49″ S 78°30′20″ W | 06/10/22 | 10:25:00 | 06/10/22 | 10:50:00 |
8 | Súper | - | Janina Chusquillo | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°08′38″ S 78°28′11″ W | 06/09/22 | 10:00:00 | 06/10/22 | 11:00:00 |
9 | Súper | - | Cassidy Garzón | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°11′48″ S 78°29′58″ W | 07/04/22 | 11:00:00 | 07/05/22 | 14:00:00 |
10 | Súper | 200 | Esteban Morales | Shell | Iñaquito | 0°11′31″ S 78°29′19″ W | 07/02/22 | 17:30:00 | 07/05/22 | 13:30:00 |
11 | Súper | 1000 | Andrea Pico | PDV | Comité del Pueblo | 0°06′39″ S 78°28′45″ W | 07/07/22 | 18:55:00 | 07/08/22 | 7:51:00 |
12 | Súper | 600 | Job Segovia | Masgas | Chimbacalle | 0°14′41″ S 78°31′06″ W | 07/07/22 | 7:59:00 | 07/08/22 | 7:26:00 |
13 | Súper | 50 | Javier Villegas | Mobil | La Magdalena | 0°14′27″ S 78°31′38″ W | 07/07/22 | 21:45:00 | 07/08/22 | 7:20:00 |
14 | Súper | 25 | Salma Cadena | Primax | Sangolquí | 0°18′30″ S 78°26′44″ W | 06/09/22 | 15:00:00 | 06/10/22 | 10:50:00 |
15 | Súper | 25 | Salomé Zapata | Terpel | Cochapamba | 0°09′17″ S 78°29′49″ W | 06/09/22 | 16:20:00 | ||
16 | Súper | 220 | Laura Palacios | Petroecuador | Comité del Pueblo | 0°06′56″ S 78°28′45″ W | 07/10/22 | 17:40:00 | 07/11/22 | 9:23:00 |
17 | Súper | 200 | Stalin Aurea | Petroecuador | Ambato | 1°13′42″ S 78°36′16″ W | 07/08/22 | 20:00:00 | 07/11/22 | 7:00:00 |
18 | Súper | 250 | Karen Ponce | Petroecuador | Calderón | 0°06′30″ S 78°27′01″ W | 07/10/22 | 17:15:00 | 07/11/22 | 10:30:00 |
19 | Súper | 1000 | Landy Flores | Primax | Mariscal Sucre | 0°12′00″ S 78°29′30″ W | 07/11/22 | 8:45:00 | 07/11/22 | 9:15:00 |
20 | Súper | 5 | Mateo Terán | Masgas | Iñaquito | 0°11′22″ S 78°28′52″ W | 07/10/22 | 12:03:00 | 07/11/22 | 9:00:00 |
21 | Súper | 50 | Lizbeth Abril | Petroecuador | Sangolquí | 0°18′11″ S 78°27′57″ W | 06/06/22 | 17:00:00 | 06/07/22 | 14:00:00 |
22 | Súper | - | Juan Noroña | Terpel | Conocoto | 0°17′27″ S 78°27′51″ W | 07/11/22 | 5:45:00 | 07/11/22 | 13:15:00 |
23 | Súper | 150 | Luis Cueva | Petroecuador | Sangolquí | 0°19′29″ S 78°26′26″ W | 07/11/22 | 6:30:00 | 07/11/22 | 11:10:00 |
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Group | Compound Class | Gasoline Composition (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
[7] | [24] | [25] | ||
Saturates | 50–60 | |||
Alkanes | 4–7 | 45–55 | 4–8 | |
Isoalkanes | 25–40 | 25–40 | ||
Cyclo-alkanes | 6–16 | ~5 | 3–7 | |
Olefins | 6–16 | 5–10 | 2–5 (30 *) | |
Cicloalkenes | 1–4 | |||
Aromatics | 20–50 | 25–40 | 20–50 | |
BTEX | 15–35 | |||
PAHs | ||||
Sulfur | <0.05 | |||
Metals (ppm) |
Country | Saudi Arabia [81] 1 | China [82] 2 | Brazil [84] 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RON | 91 | 95 | 92 | 93 | 95 | 97 | N/A |
Hydrocarbon Group | Volume Percent of Total Hydrocarbons per Group Type (% v/v) | ||||||
Paraffins | 25.32 | 29.22 | 50.20 4 | 42.40 4 | 37.40 4 | 35.80 4 | 8.21 |
Isoparaffins | 26.74 | 27.96 | 16.08 | ||||
Olefins | 1.48 | 1.44 | 9.00 | 12.50 | 12.40 | 15.00 | 18.48 |
Naphthenes | 2.96 | 4.10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9.64 |
Aromatics | 29.09 | 29.06 | 31.90 | 37.00 | 41.40 | 40.90 | 15.87 |
Oxygenates | N/A 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 26.75 |
MTBE | N/A | N/A | 4.30 | 4.60 | 1.80 | 2.90 | N/A |
Aniline | N/A | N/A | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.60 | N/A |
Total C14 | 3.95 | 2.04 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Others | N/A | N/A | 8.90 | 8.10 | 8.90 | 8.30 | N/A |
Unknowns | 10.45 | 6.17 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
N° Sample | Extra Gasoline | Súper Gasoline |
---|---|---|
1 | 85.5 | 93.5 |
2 | 85.7 | 93.0 |
3 | 85.9 | 90.8 |
Mean ± Standard Deviation | 85.7 ± 0.2 | 92.4 ± 1.4 |
Type of Variable | p-Value Comparing Extra Gasoline and Súper Gasoline | Type of Variable | p-Value Comparing Extra Gasoline and Súper Gasoline |
---|---|---|---|
Molar % of paraffins | 0.18 MW 0.32 KS | ACN of paraffins | 1.26 × 10−3 MW 1.05 × 10−4 KS |
Molar % of Isoparaffins | 0.00 MW 0.00 KS | ACN of Isoparaffins | 0.27 MW 0.02 KS |
Molar % of Linear Olefins | 1.47 × 10−5 MW 2.84 × 10−5 KS | ACN of Linear Olefins | 0.26 MW 1.84 × 10−5 KS |
Molar % of Branched Olefins | 3.82 × 10−12 MW 0.00 KS | ACN of Branched Olefins | 1.29 × 10−7 MW 0.00 KS |
Molar % of Naphthenes | 0.00 MW 0.00 KS | ACN of Naphthenes | 0.00 MW 0.00 KS |
Molar % of Aromatics | 2.17 × 10−11 MW 0.00 KS | ACN of Aromatics | 2.39 × 10−10 MW 0.00 KS |
Molar % of Oxygenates | 0.35 MW 0.00 KS | ||
ACNTotal | 7.68 × 10−12 MW 0.00 KS |
Type of Hydrocarbon per Type of Gasoline | Extra Gasoline | Súper Gasoline | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paraffins | Isoparaffins | Linear Olefins | Branched Olefins | Naphthenes | Aromatics | Paraffins | Isoparaffins | Linear Olefins | Branched Olefins | Naphthenes | Aromatics | Total ACN | ||
Extra gasoline | Paraffins | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Isoparaffins | −329.55 * | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Linear Olefins | −364.84 * | −35.29 | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Branched Olefins | −703.58 * | −374.03 * | −338.74 * | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Naphthenes | −685.96 * | −356.41 * | −321.12 * | 17.62 | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Aromatics | −1140.27 * | −810.71 * | −775.42 * | −436.69 * | −454.31 * | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
ACNTotal | −897.96 * | −568.41 * | −533.12 * | −194.38 * | −212.00 * | 242.31 * | −941.24 * | −608.12 * | −585.63 * | −425.84 * | −523.67 * | 190.74 | 148.75 | |
Súper gasoline | Paraffins | −43.28 | −372.83 * | −408.12 * | −746.86 * | −729.24 * | −1183.54 * | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Isoparaffins | 289.85 * | −39.71 | −74.99 | −413.74 * | −396.12 * | −850.42 * | −333.12 * | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Linear Olefins | 312.33 * | −17.22 | −52.51 | −391.25 * | −373.63 * | −827.94 * | −355.61 * | −22.48 | N/A | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
Branched Olefins | 472.13 * | 142.57 | 107.28 | −231.46 * | −213.84 * | −668.14 * | −515.40 * | −182.28 | −159.80 | N/A | -- | -- | -- | |
Naphthenes | 374.29 * | 44.74 | 9.45 | −329.28 * | −311.67 * | −765.98 * | −417.57 * | −84.45 | −61.96 | 97.83 | N/A | -- | -- | |
Aromatics | 1088.70 * | 759.15 * | 723.86 * | 385.12 * | 402.74 * | −51.57 | −1131.98 * | −798.86 * | −776.37 * | −616.58 * | −714.41 * | N/A | -- | |
ACNTotal | −749.22 * | −419.66 * | −384.37 * | −45.64 | −63.25 | 391.05 * | −792.50 * | −459.37 * | −436.89 * | −227.09 * | −374.93 * | 339.48 * | N/A |
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Pazmiño-Viteri, K.; Cabezas-Terán, K.; Echeverría, D.; Cabrera, M.; Taco-Vásquez, S. Average Carbon Number Analysis and Relationship with Octane Number and PIONA Analysis of Premium and Regular Gasoline Expended in Ecuador. Processes 2024, 12, 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081706
Pazmiño-Viteri K, Cabezas-Terán K, Echeverría D, Cabrera M, Taco-Vásquez S. Average Carbon Number Analysis and Relationship with Octane Number and PIONA Analysis of Premium and Regular Gasoline Expended in Ecuador. Processes. 2024; 12(8):1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081706
Chicago/Turabian StylePazmiño-Viteri, Katherine, Katty Cabezas-Terán, Daniel Echeverría, Marcelo Cabrera, and Sebastián Taco-Vásquez. 2024. "Average Carbon Number Analysis and Relationship with Octane Number and PIONA Analysis of Premium and Regular Gasoline Expended in Ecuador" Processes 12, no. 8: 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081706