Metal-Nitrate-Catalyzed Levulinic Acid Esterification with Alkyl Alcohols: A Simple Route to Produce Bioadditives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Catalytic Runs
2.3. Reaction Monitoring and Identification of Main Reaction Products
3. Results
3.1. Catalytic Tests
3.1.1. Effect of Metal Nitrate Catalyst
3.1.2. Effect of Iron Catalyst Nature
3.1.3. Effect of Fe(NO3)3 Catalyst Concentration
3.1.4. Effect of Reaction Temperature
3.1.5. Effect of Alcohol in Levulinic Acid Esterification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Run | Catalyst | pH | Conversion/% |
---|---|---|---|
1 | - | 6.0 | 5.0 |
2 | Fe(NO3)3 9 H2O | 0.4 | 83.0 |
3 | Cu(NO3)2 3 H2O | 1.7 | 40.0 |
4 | Co(NO3)2 6 H2O | 2.3 | 24.0 |
5 | Zn(NO3)2 6 H2O | 2.7 | 26.0 |
6 | NaNO3 | 3.6 | 18.0 |
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Silva, M.J.d.; Cordeiro, M.T. Metal-Nitrate-Catalyzed Levulinic Acid Esterification with Alkyl Alcohols: A Simple Route to Produce Bioadditives. Processes 2024, 12, 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091802
Silva MJd, Cordeiro MT. Metal-Nitrate-Catalyzed Levulinic Acid Esterification with Alkyl Alcohols: A Simple Route to Produce Bioadditives. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091802
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Márcio José da, and Mariana Teixeira Cordeiro. 2024. "Metal-Nitrate-Catalyzed Levulinic Acid Esterification with Alkyl Alcohols: A Simple Route to Produce Bioadditives" Processes 12, no. 9: 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091802