The Application of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles Incorporated in Edible Coatings and Their Effect on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Seafood
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nanotechnology
2.1. Potential Application of Nanoparticles in Food
2.2. Materials Used for the Development of Nanoparticles
2.2.1. Organic Materials
2.2.2. Inorganic Materials
2.3. Potential Toxicity of Nanoparticles
3. Methodologies Used for the Development of Nanoparticles
3.1. Nanoencapsulation
3.2. Nanoprecipitation
3.3. Electrospraying
4. Biopolymers as a Base for Coatings and Films
4.1. Biopolymers Produced by Biomass
4.1.1. Polysaccharides
4.1.2. Proteins
4.1.3. Lipids
4.2. Biopolymers Produced by Chemical Synthesis
Polylactic acid (PLA)
4.3. Biopolymers Produced by Microorganisms
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
5. Composite Coatings with Nanoparticles
5.1. Intelligent and Active Packaging with Nanoparticles
5.1.1. Intelligent Packaging
5.1.2. Active Packaging
5.1.3. Recent Research Highlights the Capabilities of Active Packaging Systems Utilizing Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Food Preservation
Polymer | Nanoparticle | Properties | Coating or Film | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) | Selenium (Se) | Exhibited antimicrobial activity against several food-borne bacteria, with inhibition observed at 0.5 µg/mL for Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The average diameter of SeNPs was 22.8 ± 4.7 nm. | Coating | [121] |
Carboxymethyl cellulose | Silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) | The incorporation of metallic nanoparticles enhances mechanical properties. Films containing Ag and ZnO inhibited the growth of both S. aureus and E. coli, while those with CuO only inhibited E. coli | Film | [122] |
Cellulose paper | Silver (Ag) | Enhanced antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, with maximum inhibition of 24 mm and 22 mm, respectively. Coated paper maintained the appearance and firmness of stored tomato fruit | Coating | [123] |
Chitosan | Titanium dioxide (TiO2) | Greater antioxidant power compared to the use of TiO2 macroparticles and chitosan alone | Film | [51] |
Resveratrol nanoencapsulated | The NPs significantly enhanced the aqueous solubility of trans-resveratrol by 150-fold and increased its bioavailability by 3.5-fold. The coating diminished dehydration, inhibited microbe growth, and extended shelf life of strawberries | Edible coating | [124] | |
Silver (Ag) with tea polyphenols | Excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activity, better than chitosan film | Film | [125] | |
Silver (Ag) | Showed high antimicrobial activity against Fusarium oxysporum and other fungi with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 41.7 μg/mL. They were non-phytotoxic, enhancing germination and chlorophyll levels in early plant development. | Coating | [126] | |
Silver (Ag) | High antifungal activity | Film | [127] | |
Rosemary essential oil nanoemulsions | High antimicrobial activity, helped inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms | Coating | [11] | |
Turmeric essential oil nanoemulsions | High antimicrobial activity, helped inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, in smaller quantities compared to rosemary | Coating | ||
Gelatin and silver (Ag) | The shelf life of carrot pieces was enhanced by composite films containing nanoparticles, which exhibited ideal characteristics for food packaging | Film | [128] | |
Essential oil of citrus extract and cinnamon and silver | The composite films exhibited strong activity against L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, and A. niger, effectively delaying the decomposition of irradiated strawberries | Film | [64] | |
Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) | Zinc oxide (ZnO), rosemary and montmorillonite extract | High antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to EVA | Film | [129] |
Eugenol vinyl-based resins | Silica | Coatings exhibited adequate antioxidant capacity and reduced eugenol release to prolong beneficial effects, scavenging free radicals effectively during testing with food simulants | Coating | [130] |
Glucose oxidase modified (GO) | Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) | The incorporation of GO with Ag and ZnO enhanced the activity of the enzymes, maintaining fruit quality parameters such as total suspended solids and firmness. GO/ZnO showed the best results in extending shelf life | Spray coating | [131] |
Methylcellulose | Copper oxide (CuO)/gelatin as stabilized | Presented antibacterial activity and a small migration of the nanoparticles when evaluating the storage of cheese with the films | Film | [132] |
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) | Gold (AuNPs) and black phosphorus nanocomposites (BPNS) | The MIP/BPNS-AuNPs provided a broad detection range (0.005–10 μM) for pefloxacin with a low detection limit (0.80 nM) and high sensitivity (3.199 μA μM−1). The sensor maintained stable signals over 35 days | Sensor platform | [133] |
Nanocellulose | Dextran-coated silver | Dextran enhanced the dispersion of silver nanoparticles and helped preserve food by inhibiting bacterial growth | Film | [134] |
Pectin | Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC-NPs) | The incorporation of CNC-NPs significantly improved barrier properties, reducing water vapor and oxygen permeability by 12.6% and 22.3%, respectively, while also providing antioxidant properties | Coating | [135] |
Chlorophyll of black mulberry leaf encapsulated with carboxymethylcellulose/silica | Antioxidant and antibacterial activity concerning DPPH radical and E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, respectively | Film | [136] | |
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) | Silicon dioxide (SiO2) | The spiky SiO2 nanoparticles created superhydrophobic coatings with contact angles of 165.4° and high transparency (96.93% transmittance). The coatings were resilient to UV irradiation, water, and elevated temperatures | Coating | [137] |
Polylactic acid (PLA) | Zinc oxide (ZnO) with zataria essential oil | Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial power than PLA alone | Film | [45] |
Zinc oxide (ZnO) with peppermint essential oil | Higher antioxidant and antimicrobial power than PLA alone but lower than PLA with zataria oil | Film | ||
Starch | PVA and Ag NPs | Enhanced antibacterial and antiviral activities, with complete virus inactivation within 1 min. The coated paper also exhibited improved water resistance and tensile strength | Coating | [138] |
Starch and carboxymethylcellulose | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, cysteine, and cinnamaldehyde (ECCNPs) | The incorporation of ECCNPs improved UV resistance, physical properties, antioxidative, and antibacterial activity of the coating. It effectively prolonged the shelf life of strawberries and oranges | Coating | [139] |
Zein | Turmeric nanocapsules with chitosan | High oxidation resistance | Film | [140] |
Chitosan/cinnamon essential oil | The addition of nanoparticles increased the antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial | Film | [141] | |
Catechin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex NPs | The addition of nanoparticles enhanced the film structure and exhibited strong antioxidant activity | Film | [142] |
5.2. Properties of Composite Coatings with Nanoparticles
5.2.1. Mechanical Properties
5.2.2. Barrier Properties
5.3. Coating Application Methods
5.3.1. Immersion
5.3.2. Spraying
6. Effect of Nanoparticles Incorporated into Coatings Applied to Seafood
6.1. Physicochemical Properties
6.1.1. pH
6.1.2. Total Nitrogenous Volatile Bases
6.1.3. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
6.2. Microbiological Properties
6.2.1. Deteriorating Bacteria
6.2.2. Pathogenic Microorganisms
7. Future Directions
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Type/Technique | Characteristics | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Casein/mequindox | Nanoencapsulation by sonication technique | The development of nanoparticles enhances the encapsulation efficiency and bioavailability of mequindox | Use of these nanoparticles in oral pharmaceuticals | [20] |
Casein/silver (Ag), gold (Au) and copper oxide (CuO) | Three types of nanoparticles (Ag, Au, and Cu) were synthesized using casein as a reducing agent in a green process | Casein serves as a stabilizer in nanoparticle preparation, but each nanoparticle exhibits different morphologies, indicating dependence on the precursor used | - | [21] |
Copper/aqueous extract of Rosa Andeli or Gardenia jasminoides leaves | Nanoparticles by green synthesis method | Rosa Andeli nanoparticles demonstrate superior antibacterial activity compared to those from Gardenia jasminoides | Potential application in drug-resistant bacteria | [22] |
Copper (Cu)/Kigelia Africana fruit extract | Nanoparticles by green synthesis method | The extract enhanced nanoparticle synthesis and demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity | Potential application as therapeutic drug for microbial infections | [23] |
Curcumin/rosemary oil | Nanoemulsions by a single sonication technique | The nanoemulsions inhibit efficiently the pathogenic bacteria P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. typhimurium | The nanoemulsions are used to increase the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets | [11] |
Epigallocatechin gallate-grafted-chitosan | Nanoparticle by nanoprecipitation | The nanoparticle is made from chitosan modification to improve antioxidant and antibacterial activity compared to chitosan nanoparticles | Potential uses in biomedical, food packaging, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields | [24] |
Iron (Fe3O4) | Nanoparticles by biosynthesis using Satureja hortensis essential oil | The nanoparticles present cubic morphological structure and exhibit antimicrobial activity and anticancer effect against selected cell lines | Potential medicine drug | [25] |
Silver (Ag)/essential oil of crown imperial leaves, bulbs and petals | Nanoparticle synthesis with essential oil as reduction agent | Essential oils may be an effective component in nanoparticle production and their application possess significant antibacterial activity | Potential application in medicine, pharmaceutical and food industry | [26] |
Silver (Ag)/extract of (Mentha viridis) plant and Prunus domestica gum | Nanoparticle by green synthesis method | This NP presents an excellent antifungal and antibacterial activity and a moderate antioxidant activity | Future applications in medicine, medical devices, and antioxidant system | [27] |
Silver (Ag)/safflower extract | Nanoparticles by green synthesis using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) waste extract | Green synthesis enhances nanoparticle development and shows strong activity against S. aureus and P. fluorescens | Potential use in the food and medicine sectors | [28] |
Soy isoflavone/whey protein | Soy isoflavone nanoencapsulated by emulsification evaporation method | The nanoencapsulation of soy isoflavone is improved with whey protein and presents an excellent stability, bioactivity and bioaccessibility | Potential application in functional food and pharmaceutical | [29] |
Soy protein | Nanoparticles by enzymatic hydrolysis | The inclusion of three enzymes Flavorzyme, Alcalase and Protamex improve the development of the nanoparticles and exhibit better antioxidant activity than peptides of soy protein | Potential application in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals | [30] |
Starch | Nanoparticles by ultra-sonication and mild alkali hydrolysis | This methodology proved to be useful and simple for the preparation of nanoparticles, also demonstrated enhanced stability and antioxidant activity | Potential application in food and pharmaceuticals | [31] |
Starch/water soluble yellow mustard mucilage | Nanocapsules loaded with thymol and carvacrol by electrospray | Spherical structure, with high efficiency of encapsulation and uniform diameter | Elaboration of antimicrobial food packaging | [32] |
Tea polyphenol, soybean oil | Nanoencapsulation of tea polyphenol to form a nanoemulsion by ultrasound-assisted method | The nanoemulsions present excellent antioxidant activity, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase and inhibit bacterial growth better than poly phenols | Food and nutraceutical industry | [33] |
Titanium oxide (TiO2) | Nanoparticles synthesis with propolis extract | The nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity against human cancer cells and proved safe in low doses in albino male rats | Biomedical applications | [34] |
Titanium oxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) with silver (Au) decorated | Nanoparticle by hydrothermal method | The nanocomposites exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro assays and significant anticancer activity through in vitro cytotoxicity assay | Biomedical applications | [35] |
Zein/fucoidan complex and resveratrol | Nanoencapsulation of resveratrol | The zein/fucoidan nanocarrier system demonstrated controlled resveratrol release during in vitro digestion and showed low cytotoxicity | Potential use in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries | [36] |
Zein stabilized with pectin, xanthan gum and sodium alginate | Nanoencapsulation doxorubicin by flash nanoprecipitation | These nanoparticles demonstrated good stability for two weeks, and using alginate as a stabilizer showed excellent encapsulation efficiency | Potential use for delivering hydrophobic drugs | [37] |
Zinc oxide (ZnO) | Nanoparticles by biosynthesis from essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus | The nanoparticles exhibited a potential antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition. The use of essential oil showed an improvement in green synthesis | Potential application in medicine to combat resistant bacteria and inhibit bacterial biofilms | [38] |
Bacterium | Characteristics |
---|---|
Brochuthrix | Hemophilic, non-sporulated and immobile |
Carnobacterium | Psychotropic, immobile and oxidase positive |
Photobacterium | Psychotropic |
Pseudoalteromonas | Aerobic, heterotopic, oxidase and catalase positive |
Pseudomonas | Positive and non-fermentative oxidase |
Shewanella | Oxidase positive, catalase positive and does not ferment glucose |
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Ozuna-Valencia, K.H.; Moreno-Vásquez, M.J.; Graciano-Verdugo, A.Z.; Rodríguez-Félix, F.; Robles-García, M.Á.; Barreras-Urbina, C.G.; Quintero-Reyes, I.E.; Cornejo-Ramírez, Y.I.; Tapia-Hernández, J.A. The Application of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles Incorporated in Edible Coatings and Their Effect on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Seafood. Processes 2024, 12, 1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091889
Ozuna-Valencia KH, Moreno-Vásquez MJ, Graciano-Verdugo AZ, Rodríguez-Félix F, Robles-García MÁ, Barreras-Urbina CG, Quintero-Reyes IE, Cornejo-Ramírez YI, Tapia-Hernández JA. The Application of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles Incorporated in Edible Coatings and Their Effect on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Seafood. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091889
Chicago/Turabian StyleOzuna-Valencia, Karla Hazel, María Jesús Moreno-Vásquez, Abril Zoraida Graciano-Verdugo, Francisco Rodríguez-Félix, Miguel Ángel Robles-García, Carlos Gregorio Barreras-Urbina, Idania Emedith Quintero-Reyes, Yaeel Isbeth Cornejo-Ramírez, and José Agustín Tapia-Hernández. 2024. "The Application of Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles Incorporated in Edible Coatings and Their Effect on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Seafood" Processes 12, no. 9: 1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091889