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Review

State-of-the-Art Char Production with a Focus on Bark Feedstocks: Processes, Design, and Applications

CEF, Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Processes 2021, 9(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010087
Submission received: 2 December 2020 / Revised: 22 December 2020 / Accepted: 29 December 2020 / Published: 2 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Design of Biomass Thermochemical Conversion)

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in char production from lignocellulosic biomass due to the fact of char’s interesting technological properties. Global char production in 2019 reached 53.6 million tons. Barks are among the most important and understudied lignocellulosic feedstocks that have a large potential for exploitation, given bark global production which is estimated to be as high as 400 million cubic meters per year. Chars can be produced from barks; however, in order to obtain the desired char yields and for simulation of the pyrolysis process, it is important to understand the differences between barks and woods and other lignocellulosic materials in addition to selecting a proper thermochemical method for bark-based char production. In this state-of-the-art review, after analyzing the main char production methods, barks were characterized for their chemical composition and compared with other important lignocellulosic materials. Following these steps, previous bark-based char production studies were analyzed, and different barks and process types were evaluated for the first time to guide future char production process designs based on bark feedstock. The dry and wet pyrolysis and gasification results of barks revealed that application of different particle sizes, heating rates, and solid residence times resulted in highly variable char yields between the temperature range of 220 °C and 600 °C. Bark-based char production should be primarily performed via a slow pyrolysis route, considering the superior surface properties of slow pyrolysis chars.
Keywords: bark; pyrolysis; charcoal; torrefaction; hydrothermal carbonization; gasification bark; pyrolysis; charcoal; torrefaction; hydrothermal carbonization; gasification

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MDPI and ACS Style

Şen, A.U.; Pereira, H. State-of-the-Art Char Production with a Focus on Bark Feedstocks: Processes, Design, and Applications. Processes 2021, 9, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010087

AMA Style

Şen AU, Pereira H. State-of-the-Art Char Production with a Focus on Bark Feedstocks: Processes, Design, and Applications. Processes. 2021; 9(1):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010087

Chicago/Turabian Style

Şen, Ali Umut, and Helena Pereira. 2021. "State-of-the-Art Char Production with a Focus on Bark Feedstocks: Processes, Design, and Applications" Processes 9, no. 1: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010087

APA Style

Şen, A. U., & Pereira, H. (2021). State-of-the-Art Char Production with a Focus on Bark Feedstocks: Processes, Design, and Applications. Processes, 9(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9010087

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