Effects of Frying Processes on the Nutritional and Sensory Characteristics of Different Mackerel Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Fried Mackerel without Batter, Marinade, and Spice
4.1.1. Effect of Frying on Fatty Acid Profile of Fried Mackerel without Batter, Marinade, and Spice
4.1.2. Effect of Frying on Amino Acid Profile of Fried Mackerel without Batter, Marinade, and Spice
4.1.3. Effect of Frying on Proximate of Fried Mackerel without Batter, Marinade, and Spice
4.1.4. Effect of Frying on Sensory Evaluation of Fried Mackerel without Batter, Marinade, and Spice
4.2. Fried Mackerel with Marinade and Spice
4.3. Fried Mackerel with Batter
4.4. Minced Mackerel Products
4.4.1. Nugget
4.4.2. Burger
4.4.3. Croquette
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Frying Methods | Optimum Condition | Filet Size | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic Mackerel * | Deep fry | 180 °C for 7 min in canola oil | 3 × 3 cm | Maintaining fatty acid content | [14] |
Atlantic Mackerel | Deep fry | 180 °C for 5 min in soybean oil | - | Increasing protein and fat | [15] |
Chub Mackerel * | Deep fry | 165 °C for 3 min in sunflower oil | 5 × 5 cm | Increasing the score of overall acceptance | [9] |
Chub Mackerel | Deep fry | 160 °C for 3 min | - | Reducing perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) | [16] |
Chub mackerel | Deep fry | 180 °C for 90 s in soybean oil | - | Improving the taste of fried mackerel | [17] |
Chub Mackerel | Vacuum fry | 95 °C for 7 min at 80 mmHg in sunflower oil | 5 × 5 cm | Lowering the oxidation of lipids and proteins | [9] |
Chub Mackerel | Air fry | 160 °C for 15 min | 5 × 5 cm | Increasing the score of overall acceptance | [9] |
Indian Mackerel * | Deep fry | 180 °C for 5 min in sunflower oil | 2.8 cm in length | Decreasing fatty acids | [18] |
Indian Mackerel | Deep fry | 160 °C for 5 min in groundnut oil | 5 cm in length | Increasing heat rate penetration | [19] |
Indian Mackerel | Deep fry | 180 °C for 5 min | - | Decreasing fatty acid content | [20] |
Indian Mackerel | Deep fry | 180 °C for 5 min | - | Decreasing amino acid content | [21] |
Indian Mackerel | Deep fry | 160 °C for 6 min in palm oil | 500 g/pieces | Changing the nutritional composition | [22] |
Spanish Mackerel * | Deep fry | 177 °C for 3 min in soybean oil | - | Changing the nutritional composition | [23] |
Species | Frying Methods | Marinating/Spicing | Optimum Condition | Filet Size | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chub Mackerel * | Deep Fry | Mackerel marinated with 6% of sodium chloride | 180 °C for 10 min in soybean oil | - | Lowering trypsin inhibitor level | [42] |
Spanish Mackerel * | Deep Fry | Mackerel marinated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, sorbic acid, and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and seasoned with turmeric powder, garlic, shallot, red chilies, ginger, wheat flour, table salt (NaCl), and monosodium glutamate (MSG) | 190 °C for 4 min in corn oil | 4 × 0.75 × 3 cm | Affecting the color of fried mackerel | [43] |
Spanish Mackerel * | Deep fry | Mackerel spiced with shallot, red chilies, turmeric powder, ginger, garlic, salt, and MSG | 191 °C for 3 min in palm olein | 4 × 0.75 × 3 cm | Increasing proximate composition | [44] |
Species | Frying Methods | Batter Composition | Optimum Condition | Filet Size | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chub Mackerel * | Deep fry | Wheat flour, water, NaCl, potassium sorbate, and red pepper | 170 °C for 3 min in soybean oil | 2 × 2 cm | Maintaining physicochemical and nutritional properties | [24] |
Chub Mackerel | Deep fry | Soft flour, rice flour, corn starch, roasted rice flour, refined salt, garlic powder, ground pepper, baking powder, and sugar | 190 °C for 5 min 30 s in sunflower oil | 3 × 5 cm | Changing physicochemical properties | [25] |
Chub Mackerel | Vacuum fry | Soft flour, rice flour, corn starch, roasted rice flour, refined salt, garlic powder, ground pepper, baking powder, and sugar | 95 °C for 7 min 42 s at 80 mmHg in sunflower oil | 3 × 5 cm | Maintaining sensory, chemical, microbial, and nutritional properties |
Species | Minced Mackerel Products | Frying Methods | Optimum Condition | Oil Used | Results | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic Mackerel * | Nugget | Deep fry | 160 °C for 1 min | Soybean oil | Lowering lipid oxidation | [26] |
Atlantic Mackerel | Burger | Vacuum fry | 107 °C for 2 min at 80 mmHg | Sunflower oil | Maintaining nutrition with low oxidation | [10] |
Horse Mackerel * | Nugget | Deep fry | 180 °C for 2 min | Hydrogenated oil | Increasing the color and crust crispness | [27] |
King Mackerel * | Nugget | Deep fry | 160 °C for 2 min | - | Improving moistness and softness | [28] |
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Negara, B.F.S.P.; Tirtawijaya, G.; Cho, W.-H.; Harwanto, D.; Sohn, J.-H.; Kim, J.-S.; Choi, J.-S. Effects of Frying Processes on the Nutritional and Sensory Characteristics of Different Mackerel Products. Processes 2021, 9, 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091645
Negara BFSP, Tirtawijaya G, Cho W-H, Harwanto D, Sohn J-H, Kim J-S, Choi J-S. Effects of Frying Processes on the Nutritional and Sensory Characteristics of Different Mackerel Products. Processes. 2021; 9(9):1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091645
Chicago/Turabian StyleNegara, Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira, Gabriel Tirtawijaya, Woo-Hee Cho, Dicky Harwanto, Jae-Hak Sohn, Jin-Soo Kim, and Jae-Suk Choi. 2021. "Effects of Frying Processes on the Nutritional and Sensory Characteristics of Different Mackerel Products" Processes 9, no. 9: 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091645
APA StyleNegara, B. F. S. P., Tirtawijaya, G., Cho, W. -H., Harwanto, D., Sohn, J. -H., Kim, J. -S., & Choi, J. -S. (2021). Effects of Frying Processes on the Nutritional and Sensory Characteristics of Different Mackerel Products. Processes, 9(9), 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091645