Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Viral Structure, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
4. Immune Response
5. Risk Factors
6. Clinical Features
6.1. Respiratory Features
6.2. Gastrointestinal Features
6.3. Systemic Manifestations
6.4. Complications
7. Co-Infections
7.1. Viral Co-Infections
7.2. Bacterial Co-Infections
8. Detection Methods
9. Laboratory and Radiological Investigations
9.1. Biochemical Tests
9.2. Imaging
10. Management
11. Conclusions
12. Further Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nasopharyngeal swab | HBoV high DNA load on secretion |
OR | |
HBoV mRNA on secretion | |
AND one of the following | |
Blood | Serum positive IgM |
Low IgG avidity | |
>4-fold IgG titre |
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Trapani, S.; Caporizzi, A.; Ricci, S.; Indolfi, G. Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051243
Trapani S, Caporizzi A, Ricci S, Indolfi G. Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(5):1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051243
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrapani, Sandra, Alice Caporizzi, Silvia Ricci, and Giuseppe Indolfi. 2023. "Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review" Microorganisms 11, no. 5: 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051243
APA StyleTrapani, S., Caporizzi, A., Ricci, S., & Indolfi, G. (2023). Human Bocavirus in Childhood: A True Respiratory Pathogen or a “Passenger” Virus? A Comprehensive Review. Microorganisms, 11(5), 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051243