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All-Analytic Statistical Modeling of Constellations in (Optical) Transmission Systems Driven by High-Speed Electronic Digital to Analog Converters Part I: DAC Mismatch Statistics, Metrics, Symmetries, Error Vector Magnitude
by
Moshe Nazarathy
Moshe Nazarathy 1,*
and
Ioannis Tomkos
Ioannis Tomkos 2
1
ECE Department, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
2
ECE Department, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2024, 11(8), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080747 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 30 August 2023
/
Revised: 23 July 2024
/
Accepted: 30 July 2024
/
Published: 9 August 2024
Abstract
This two-part work develops a comprehensive toolbox for the statistical characterization of nonlinear distortions of DAC-generated signal constellations to be transmitted over communication links, be they electronic (wireline, wireless) or photonic, Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM)-based optical interconnects in particular. The all-analytic toolbox developed here delivers closed-form expressions for the second-order statistics (means, variances) of all relevant constellation metrics of the DACs’ building blocks and of DAC-driven MZM-based optical transmitters, all the way to the slicer in the optical receivers over a linear channel with coherent detection. The key impairment targeted by the model is the random current mismatch of the ASIC devices implementing the DAC drivers. In particular the (skew-)centrosymmetry of the DAC metrics is formally derived and explored. A key applicative insight is that the conventional INL/DNL (Integral NonLinearity/Differential NonLinearity) constellation metrics, widely adopted in the electronic devices and circuits community, are not quite useful in the context of communication systems, since these metrics are ill-suited to predict communication link statistical performance. To rectify this deficiency of existing electronic DAC metrics, we introduce modified variants of the INL|DNL, namely the integral error vector (IEV) and the differential error vector (DEV) constellation metrics. The new IEV|DEV represent straightforward predictors of relevant communication-minded metrics: error vector magnitude (EVM) treated here in Part I, and Symbol/Bit Error-Rates (SER, BER) treated in the upcoming Part II of this paper.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Nazarathy, M.; Tomkos, I.
All-Analytic Statistical Modeling of Constellations in (Optical) Transmission Systems Driven by High-Speed Electronic Digital to Analog Converters Part I: DAC Mismatch Statistics, Metrics, Symmetries, Error Vector Magnitude. Photonics 2024, 11, 747.
https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080747
AMA Style
Nazarathy M, Tomkos I.
All-Analytic Statistical Modeling of Constellations in (Optical) Transmission Systems Driven by High-Speed Electronic Digital to Analog Converters Part I: DAC Mismatch Statistics, Metrics, Symmetries, Error Vector Magnitude. Photonics. 2024; 11(8):747.
https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080747
Chicago/Turabian Style
Nazarathy, Moshe, and Ioannis Tomkos.
2024. "All-Analytic Statistical Modeling of Constellations in (Optical) Transmission Systems Driven by High-Speed Electronic Digital to Analog Converters Part I: DAC Mismatch Statistics, Metrics, Symmetries, Error Vector Magnitude" Photonics 11, no. 8: 747.
https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080747
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