Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Structural and Vibrational Analysis
2.2. Thermal Analysis
2.3. Morphological Analysis
2.4. Mechanical and Physical Properties
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Preparation of Hydroxyapatite Clay Composite from Prawn Shells
3.3. Characterization Tools
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wavenumber (cm−1) | Stretching Mode | Functional Group | Source |
---|---|---|---|
560, 751, 792 | - | Si-O-Al | Kaolin |
563, 597, 724 | Asymmetric bending | PO43− | HA |
966 | Symmetric stretching | PO43− | HA |
1023–1027, 1098 | Asymmetric stretching | PO43− | HA |
675, 910 | - | Al-OH | Kaolin |
1005, 1025 | In-plane stretching | Si-O | Kaolin |
1117–1123 | Longitudinal mode | Si-O | Kaolin |
1540 | Asymmetric stretching | CO32− | Atmospheric CO2 |
3426 | Stretching of OH− | OH− | HA |
Wavenumber (cm−1) | Assignment | Vibration Groups | Source |
---|---|---|---|
972 | Symmetric vibrational mode of P-O (stretching mode) | ν1 PO43− | HA |
412 | Doubly bending mode | ν2 PO43− | HA |
1045 | Triply generate antisymmetric stretching mode | ν3 PO43− | HA |
737 | Triply degenerate bending mode | ν4 PO43− | HA |
615–620 | Si-O-Al translation | Si-O-Al | Kaolin |
3620 | O-H stretching | ν5 OH− | Kaolin |
3696 | O-H stretching | ν1 OH− | Kaolin |
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Satish, P.; Hadagalli, K.; Praveen, L.L.; Nowl, M.S.; Seikh, A.H.; Alnaser, I.A.; Abdo, H.S.; Mandal, S. Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste. Inorganics 2023, 11, 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11110427
Satish P, Hadagalli K, Praveen LL, Nowl MS, Seikh AH, Alnaser IA, Abdo HS, Mandal S. Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste. Inorganics. 2023; 11(11):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11110427
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatish, Perabathula, Komalakrushna Hadagalli, Lakkimsetti Lakshmi Praveen, Mahin Saif Nowl, Asiful H. Seikh, Ibrahim A. Alnaser, Hany S. Abdo, and Saumen Mandal. 2023. "Hydroxyapatite–Clay Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering: Effective Utilization of Prawn Exoskeleton Biowaste" Inorganics 11, no. 11: 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11110427