Glide Path in Endodontics: A Literature Review of Current Knowledge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Search
3. Discussion
3.1. Centering Ability and/or Root Canal Transportation
3.1.1. Comparison of the Centering Ability and Root Canal Transportation of Two or More Glide Path Rotary Ni-Ti Files
3.1.2. Analyzing the Centering Ability and Root Canal Transportation of Shaping Files after Glide Path Was Established
- Analyzing canal transportation of different shaping files with or without glide path established (n = 8);
- Comparing canal transportation of different shaping files after glide path was established (n = 8);
- Analyzing canal transportation of a shaping file after different glide path files were used (n = 5).
3.1.3. Topic Conclusions
3.2. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance
- In 2018, Özyürek et al. [63] compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc (n = 60) and Reciproc Blue (n = 60) files in a simulated canal with a 60° curvature and a radius of 5 mm. Each group had new files (n = 20), files that prepared three root canals of mandibular molars without a glide path (n = 20), and files that prepared three root canals of mandibular molars with a previous glide path achieved with ProGlider (n = 20). The NCF was significantly higher for Reciproc Blue in all groups tested.
- In 2019, Uslu and Inan [64] compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of new WaveOne Primary files (n = 10) with files that previously prepared a J-shape acrylic block with no glide path (n = 10) or with a glide path established by Profile (n = 10) or ProGlider files (n = 10). The cyclic fatigue tests were conducted in a simulated canal with a 60° curvature and a radius of 5 mm and the NCF was recorded. New WaveOne files had significantly greater NCFs (741.36 ± 71.52) than the other three groups with a significant difference between the ProGlider + WaveOne group and the other two groups (668.18 ± 79.10 vs. 644.42 ± 81.97 and 605.28 ± 66.75).
- In 2020, Ates et al. [65] compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of the new XP Shapers (n = 32) at 1000 and 3000 rpm with those used for shaping four 3D printed root canals without a glide path (n = 32) or with a glide path established by #10, #15 and #20 K-files (n = 32). The cyclic fatigue tests were carried out in a simulated canal with a 75° curvature and a radius of 7.5 mm and the NCF and TTF were recorded. The 3000 rpm groups had higher NCFs (p < 0.05), and the 1000 rpm groups higher TTFs. No statistical difference was found between the groups regardless of whether the files were used at 1000 rpm or 3000 rpm with or without a glide path (p > 0.05).
- In 2023, Scherer et al. [66] compared the cyclic fatigue resistance of new WaveOne Gold Primary files (n = 6) with those used to prepare a mandibular molar with a glidepath established by K-files (n = 6) or WaveOne Gold Glider (n = 6). The cyclic fatigue tests were conducted in a simulated canal with a 60° curvature and a radius of 5 mm and the NCFs were recorded. No significant differences were found between groups; thus, they concluded that creating a glide path does not affect the cyclic fatigue resistance of reciprocating instruments.
3.3. Glide Path and Shaping Time
- The time needed to perform a glide path with rotary glide path files versus manual files;
- The time needed to establish a glide path with different rotary glide path files;
- The time of different shaping files to reach working length after different glide paths.
3.4. Tortional Stress Resistance
3.5. Apical Extrusion of Debris and/or Bacteria
3.6. Defects in Dentine Walls
3.7. File Separation
3.8. Postoperative Pain Assessment
3.9. Scouting Ability and Performance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Author/Year | Specimen | Comparison Groups | Methods for Evaluation | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
de Oliveira Alves et al., 2012 [17] | Mesial canals of mandibular molars (n = 45) | Group 1—K-file Group 2—first 3 files of MTwo system Group 3—PathFile | Superimposed X-rays | No apical transportation observed in any group |
Pasqualini et al., 2012 [26] | Buccal root canals of upper first molars (n = 16) | Group 1—Pathfile Group 2—K-file | Cone beam geometry system | Pathfile does a better job in preserving the original canal anatomy and tend to cause less canal aberrations |
Natasha C.C. Ajuz et al., 2013 [27] | S-shaped training blocks (n = 60) | Group 1—K-file Group 2—Pathfile Group 3—Scout RaCe | Superimposed stereomicroscopic images |
|
D’Amario et al., 2013 [28] | Mesial canals of mandibular molars (n = 45) | Group 1—G-file Group 2—Pathfile Group 3—K-file | Digital double X-ray technique | No significant differences found between groups |
Anil Dhingra and Nayasha Manchanda, 2014 [29] | Curved mesial roots of mandibular first molars (n = 100) | Group 1—Pathfile Group 2—VGP2 | CBCT | Pathfiles caused significantly less transportation at all levels |
Kirchhoff et al., 2015 [30] | Curved mesial canals of mandibular molars (n = 40) | Group 1—ProGlider Group 2—Pathfile | Micro CT-scan | Similar apical transportation observed in both groups |
Paleker and van der Vyver, 2016 [24] | Separate mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals with 25–30° curvature (n = 90) | Group 1—K-file Group 2—G-file 1 and 2 Group 3—ProGlider | Micro CT |
|
Alfayate et al., 2018 [31] | Mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars with curvature between 11–82° (n = 60) | Group 1a—11–38° Pathfile Group 1b—11–38° ProFinder Group 2a—39–82° Pathfile Group 2b—39–82° ProFinder | Digital X-rays | Both systems were effective in maintaining original root canal anatomy |
Shalan and Al-Huwaizi, 2018 [32] | Resin blocks with L-shaped canal (n = 40) | Group 1—WOGG Group 2—ProGlider Group 3—Pathfile Group 4—K-file | Superimposed digital photographic images |
|
van der Vyver et al., 2018 [33] | Mesiobuccal root canals of maxillary molars (n = 135) | Group 1—K-file Group 2—One-G Group 3—ProGlider | Micro-CT scans | One-G and ProGlider showed less canal transportation on all levels examined |
Nazari Moghadam et al., 2018 [34] | Maxillary molars with separate MB2 (n = 66) | Group 1—ProGlider Group 2—Scout Race Group 3—M3 pro Glide path | CBCT scan | ProGlider showed less transportation in apical third |
Htun et al., 2019 [35] | Mandibular incisors (n = 30) | Group 1—HyFlex EDM in OGM Group 2—Hyflex EDM in CR Group 3—K-files | Micro-CT scans | Canal transportation at 1 and 3 mm from the apex was insignificant between groups |
Aydın et al., 2019 [36] | Mandibular first molars with 2 separate mesial canals (n = 24) | Group 1—ProGlider Group 2—WOGG Group 3—R-Pilot | Micro-CT analysis | R-pilot and WOGG had less transportation in coronal and middle third |
G. Česaitienė et al., 2019 [37] | Mesio and distobuccal canals of maxillary molars and mesiobuccal and lingual canals of mandibular molars (n = 36) | Group 1—Pathfile 1 and 2 Group 2—Pathfile 2 Group 3—ProGlider | Micro-CT scans | All three groups performed very similar without significant differences |
Htun et al., 2020 [38] | Double-curved resin canals (n = 60) | Group 1—Hyflex EDM #10/05 in CR Group 2—Hyflex EDM #10/05 in OGM Group 3—Hyflex EDM #15/03 in CR Group 4—Hyflex EDM #15/03 in OGM Group 5—MANI Glidepath file #13/04 in CR Group 6—MANI Glidepath file #13/04 in OGM | Micro-CT scan | CR and OGM generated similar transportation in both files used |
Aflaki S et al., 2020 [39] | Mandibular first and second molars | Group 1—K-file Group 2—Pathfile Group 3—Scout RaCe | CBCT |
|
Liu et al., 2021 [40] | Mesial root canals of mandibular molars (n = 30) | Group 1—K-files Group 2—MANI Mechanical Glide Path files in OGM | Micro-CT scan | Group 2 showed significantly lower canal transportation |
M. Aminsobhani et al., 2022 [41] | S-Shaped canal simulator blocks (n = 100) | Group 1—Scout RaCe Group 2—One-G Group 3—Pathfile Group 4—Neolix GPS Group 5—K-file | Superimposed photos in Photoshop |
|
Yeniçeri Özata et al., 2023 [42] | Mandibular molars with separate mesial canals | Group 1—TRN-G Group 2—WOGG Group 3—ProGlider | Micro-CT Scan | TRN-G showed significantly greater transportation than the other instruments |
Author/Year | Specimen | Comparison Groups | Methods for Evaluation | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Uroz-Torres et al., 2009 [43] | Mesiobuccal canals of mandibular molars (n = 40) | Group 1—MC-K-file + Mtwo Group 2—MC-Mtwo Group 3—SC-K-file + Mtwo Group 4—SC-Mtwo | Superimposed X-rays | Creating a manual glidepath did not influence apical transportation of Mtwo instruments |
Berutti et al., 2012 [44] | Endo training blocks (n = 30) | Group 1—Pathfile + WaveOne Group 2—WaveOne | Superimposed digital images | Canal transportation significantly reduced with glide path |
Nazarimoghadam et al., 2014 [45] | Resin blocks with 60° curvature (n = 30) | Group 1—K-file + Reciproc Group 2—Reciproc | Superimposed digital images | Glide path reduced transportation in apical third |
Zanette et al., 2014 [46] | Mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars (n = 40) | Group 1—Pathfiles + PTU Group 2—PTU | Superimposed X-rays | Glidepath did not influence apical transportation |
Elnaghy and Elsaka, 2014 [47] | Mesiobuccal canals of mandibular first molars (n = 60) | Group 1—ProGlider + PTN Group 2—Profile + PTN Group 3—PTN | CBCT | The first group showed significantly lower transportation |
Dhingra et al., 2015 [48] | Mandibular first molars (n = 100) | Group 1—WaveOne Group 2—Pathfile + WaveOne | CBCT | Group 2 showed significantly reduced canal transportation |
Yilmaz et al., 2017 [49] | S-shaped endo training blocks (n = 40) | Group 1—Pathfile + WaveOne Group 2—WaveOne | Superimposed digital images | Glide path has been shown to improve the centering ability of WaveOne and reduced the incidents of canal aberrations |
Keskin et al., 2018 [50] | S-shaped blocks (n = 30) | Group 1—ProGlider + Reciproc Blue Group 2—Reciproc Blue | Superimposed digital images | Group 2 showed significantly greater transportation |
Author/Year | Specimen | Comparison Groups | Methods for Evaluation | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bȕrklein et al., 2014 [51] | S-shaped canals in resin blocks (n = 120) | Group 1—Reciproc R25 Group 2—Reciproc R25+ PF Group 3—WaveOne 25 Group 4—WaveOne 25 + PF Group 5—Hyflex CM Group 6—Hyflex CM + PF Group 7—F360 Group 8—F360 + PF Group 9—OneShape Group 10—OneShape + PF | Superimposed digital images |
|
Coelho et al., 2016 [18] | Mandibular molars with separate canals in mesial root (n = 60) | Group 1—WaveOne Group 2—WaveOne + K-file Group 3—Reciproc Group 4—Reciproc + K-file | Superimposed X-rays | Glide path had no influence in the centering ability of those systems |
Hage et al., 2020 [52] | Maxillary and mandibular premolars (n = 120) | Group 1—R25 Group 2—R25 + PF Group 3—R25 Blue Group 4—R25 Blue + PF | CBCT | When PF was used, less transportation and better centering occurred in both groups |
Biasillo et al., 2021 [53] | S-shaped canals in resin blocks (n = 40) | Group 1—OneCurve + OneG Group 2—OneCurve Group 3—R25 Blue Group 4—R25 Blue + R-pilot | Superimposed digital images |
|
Alqahtani and AbuMostafa, 2021 [54] | Mesiobuccal canals of mandibular molars (n = 48) | Group 1—Race Evo NGP, NCF Group 2—Race Evo GP, NCF Group 3—Race Evo GP, CF Group 4—EdgeSeq NGP, NCF Group 5—EdgeSeq GP, NCF Group 6—EdgeSeq GP, CF | Micro-CT | There were no significant differences regarding transportation and centering ability among the groups tested |
Seda Falakaloğlu et al., 2022 [55] | Resin J-shaped root canals (n = 34) | Group 1—TEM tg + TEM M25 Group 2—WOGG + WOG Primary | Superimposed digital images | Both systems showed respect for the original canal curvature |
Alovisi et al., 2022 [56] | Mesiobuccal canals of maxillary first molars (n = 30) | Group 1—PG + PTN X1, X2 Group 2—WOGG +WOG | Micro-CT | Both systems produce well-centered preparations |
L. Shi, Y. Yang, J. Wan et al., 2022 [57] | J-shaped endo training blocks (n = 80) | Group 1—OneCurve + NGP Group 2—OneCurve + PF Group 3—OneCurve + PG Group 4—OneCurve + WOGG Group 5—R25Blue + NGP Group 6—R25Blue + PF Group 7—R25Blue + PG Group 8—R25Blue + WOGG | Superimposed digital images |
|
Author/Year | Specimen | Comparison Groups | Methods for Evaluation | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
de Carvalho et al., 2015 [58] | Mesial root canals of mandibular molars (n = 52) | Group 1—R25 + K-file Group 2—R25 + NGP Group 3—R25 + PF Group 4—no preparation | CBCT | All glide path techniques exhibited minimal apical transportation |
Shi and Wagle, 2017 [59] | J-shaped endo training blocks (n = 60) | Group 1—G-file + Hyflex CM Group 2—PF + Hyflex CM Group 3—Hyflex GPF + Hyflex CM | Superimposed digital images | Shaping with Hyflex after glide path preparation produced no significant difference |
Vorster et al., 2018 [60] | Mesiobuccal canals of mandibular molars (n = 60) | Group 1—K-file + PWOG Group 2—PF + PWOG Group 3—WOGG + PWOG Group 4—NGP + PWOG | Micro-CT | PWOG centering ability and transportation was not influenced by GP/NGP |
Zheng et al., 2018 [61] | Mesial canals of mandibular first molars (n = 60) | Group 1—K-file + WaveOne Group 2—PF + WaveOne Group 3—PG + WaveOne | Micro-CT | PG + WaveOne showed the least canal transportation |
Alovisi et al., 2017 [62] | Maxillary first molars (n = 45) | Group 1—PF + PTN X1, X2 Group 2—PG + PTN X1, X2 Group 3—K-file + PTN X1, X2 | Micro-CT | PG + PTN group had minimum transportation values |
Author/Year | Files Compared | Method for Determination | Criteria Researched | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gambarini et al., 2013 [68] | K-file in M4 handpiece/Pathfile | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF | K-file > Pathfile |
Sung et al., 2014 [69] | G-file #1,2/PF #1,2,3 | SS canal with 90° curvature and 3 mm radius | NCF | PF1 > PF2 > G1 > PF3 > G2 |
Capar et al., 2015 [70] | PF/G-file/Scout RaCe/Hyflex GPF/PG | SS canal with 90° curvature and 3 mm radius | NCF | Hyflex > G-files > PG > PF > Scout RaCe |
Uslu et al., 2016 [71] | PG/One G | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF, NCF | TTF PG > One G NCF PG > One G |
Özyürek et al., 2016 [72] | Used and new PF/PG | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | NCF | PF > PG New > used (p > 0.05) |
Uslu et al., 2017 [73] | R-pilot/Hyflex EDM/PF | SS double-curved canal | NCF | R-pilot > Hyflex > PF |
Yilmaz et al., 2017 [74] | Hyflex EDM/One G/PG | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius, 1 and 2 curves | NCF | 1 curve > 2 curves Hyflex > PG > One G in both curves |
Özyürek et al., 2018 [75] | R-pilot/WOGG | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF | R-pilot > WOGG |
Topçuoğlu et al., 2018 [76] | R-pilot/WOGG | SS canal with 45° and 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF | 45° no difference 60° WOGG > R-pilot |
Serefoglu et al., 2018 [77] | WOGG/R-pilot/PG | SS canal with 90° curvature and 3 mm radius | NCF | WOGG > R-pilot > PG |
Keskin et al., 2018 [78] | R-pilot/WOGG/PG | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF | WOGG > R-pilot > PG |
Yilmaz et al., 2018 [79] | One G/PG/Hyflex EDM/R-pilot | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF | R-pilot > Hyflex > PG > One G |
Nishijo et al., 2018 [80] | Hyflex EDM/Hyflex GPF | SS canal with 60° curvature and 5 mm radius | TTF | Hyflex EDM > Hyflex GPF |
Topçuoğlu et al., 2018 [81] | PF/Scout RaCe/PG | SS double-curved canal | NCF | PG > PF and Scout RaCe |
Kırıcı and Kuştarcı, 2019 [82] | WOGG/PG/One G | SS double-curved canal | NCF | WOGG > PG > One G |
Lee et al., 2019 [83] | PG/One G/Edge glidepath | SS canal with 90° curvature and 3 mm radius | TTF | Edge > PG > One G |
S Oh et al., 2022 [84] | TRN glider/V taper 2H/Hyflex EDM | SS canal with 60° curvature and 1.5 mm radius | NCF | V taper > TRN and Hyflex |
JNR Martins et al., 2022 [85] | PG/Edge glidepath/R-pilot | SS canal with 86° curvature and 6 mm radius | TTF | R-pilot > PG > Edge |
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Lup, V.M.; Malvicini, G.; Gaeta, C.; Grandini, S.; Ciavoi, G. Glide Path in Endodontics: A Literature Review of Current Knowledge. Dent. J. 2024, 12, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080257
Lup VM, Malvicini G, Gaeta C, Grandini S, Ciavoi G. Glide Path in Endodontics: A Literature Review of Current Knowledge. Dentistry Journal. 2024; 12(8):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080257
Chicago/Turabian StyleLup, Vlad Mircea, Giulia Malvicini, Carlo Gaeta, Simone Grandini, and Gabriela Ciavoi. 2024. "Glide Path in Endodontics: A Literature Review of Current Knowledge" Dentistry Journal 12, no. 8: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080257