Characterization of the Triacylglycerol Fraction of Italian and Extra-European Hemp Seed Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Hemp Seed Oil Samples
2.3. Stereospecific Analysis of TAG
2.3.1. Pancreatic Lipase Hydrolysis
2.3.2. Preparation of Sn-1,2(2,3)-Diacylglycerol (DAG)
2.3.3. DAGK Enzymatic Procedure
2.4. Preparation of FAME and HRGC-FID Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fatty Acid Composition of HSO Samples and Nutritional Quality Index
3.2. Stereospecific Analysis of TAG of HSO Samples
3.3. Principal Component Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ITA | EEU | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA | Min | Mean | Max | Min | Mean | Max | p |
C16:0 | 6.5 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 7.1 | 0.33812 |
C16:1n7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.39166 |
C18:0 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 0.68353 |
C18:1n9+n7 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 16.6 | 12.3 | 14.3 | 15.1 | 0.36275 |
C18:2n6 | 54.0 | 54.7 | 55.4 | 56.3 | 56.9 | 57.1 | 0.00141 |
C18:3n6 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.00130 |
C20:0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.11423 |
C18:3n3 | 12.3 | 14.6 | 17.5 | 15.8 | 17.0 | 19.0 | 0.00322 |
C20:1n9 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.00558 |
C18:4n3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.00787 |
C22:0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.33812 |
ITA | EEU | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA | Min | Mean | Max | Min | Mean | Max |
UFA/SFA | 7.6 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 8.9 |
MUFA/SFA | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
PUFA/SFA | 6.1 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 7.5 |
n6/n3 PUFA | 3.0 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.6 |
AI | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.08 |
TI | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.12 |
HH | 10.4 | 11.8 | 13.3 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 13.7 |
UI | 188.9 | 192.0 | 198.3 | 190.6 | 192.5 | 197.2 |
COX | 8.5 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 10.1 |
ITA1 | ITA2 | ITA3 | ITA4 | |||||||||
FA | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 |
C16:0 | 16.3±0.1 | 0.4±0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 17.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 14.6 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 5.5 ± 0.6 |
C16:1n7 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
C18:0 | 6.4 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 5.7 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 | 4.9 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.0 | 6.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 |
C18:1n9+n7 | 17.4 ± 0.1 | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 20.8 ± 0.1 | 18.6 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 2.2 | 22.3 ± 0.0 | 20.4 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 20.7 ± 0.1 | 20.4 ± 0.5 | 8.8 ± 1.0 |
C18:2n6 | 40.9 ± 0.2 | 66.1 ± 0.4 | 56.8 ± 1.5 | 44.7 ± 0.2 | 66.9 ± 0.6 | 54.4 ± 2.0 | 43.9 ± 0.1 | 65.5 ± 0.4 | 54.4 ± 0.3 | 45.8 ± 0.0 | 64.6 ± 0.4 | 49.5 ± 0.2 |
C18:3n6 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.0 | 4.4 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.0 | - | 3.0 ± 0.0 | 5.7 ± 0.0 |
C20:0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | - | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - | - | 2.1 ± 0.0 | - | - | 2.2 ± 0.0 |
C18:3n3 | 15.8 ± 0.0 | 13.2 ± 0.1 | 22.9 ± 0.4 | 11.9 ± 0.0 | 10.7 ± 0.1 | 21.9 ± 0.6 | 10.7 ± 0.1 | 8.9 ± 0.1 | 19.0 ± 0.4 | 11.5 ± 0.1 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | 22.5 ± 0.2 |
C20:1n9 | - | - | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | - | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | - | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | - | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
C18:4n3 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | - | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 |
C22:0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.0 | - | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | - | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | - | 0.4 ± 0.0 |
EEU1 | EEU2 | EEU3 | EEU4 | |||||||||
FA | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 | sn-1 | sn-2 | sn-3 |
C16:0 | 16.5 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 13.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 14.1 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 15.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 3.7 ± 0.0 |
C16:1n7 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | - | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | - | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 |
C18:0 | 6.3 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 5.7 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 3.1 ± 0.0 |
C18:1n9 + n7 | 23.9 ± 0.2 | 16.4 ± 0.0 | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 16.6 ± 0.1 | 17.0 ± 0.2 | 12.1 ± 0.0 | 13.8 ± 0.1 | 12.6 ± 0.1 | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 20.7 ± 0.0 | 15.9 ± 0.0 | 6.4 ± 0.0 |
C18:2n6 | 44.3 ± 0.0 | 67.9 ± 0.1 | 53.2 ± 1.6 | 48.0 ± 0.0 | 68.7 ± 0.2 | 52.8 ± 0.3 | 48.5 ± 0.1 | 69.0 ± 0.0 | 51.1 ± 0.2 | 43.8 ± 0.1 | 68.5 ± 0.0 | 57.0 ± 1.6 |
C18:3n6 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | - | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.0 |
C20:0 | - | - | 2.0 ± 0.0 | - | - | 1.3 ± 0.0 | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.0 | - | - | 0.9 ± 0.0 |
C18:3n3 | 7.8 ± 0.1 | 14.3 ± 0.0 | 27.8 ± 0.3 | 15.3 ± 0.1 | 13.0 ± 0.1 | 20.7 ± 0.2 | 18.1 ± 0.0 | 17.0 ± 0.0 | 24.7 ± 0.0 | 12.5 ± 0.2 | 14.0 ± 0.1 | 25.8 ± 0.0 |
C20:1n9 | - | - | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.3 ± 0.0 | - | 0.7 ± 0.0 |
C18:4n3 | - | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.0 | - | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | - | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 |
C22:0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | - | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | - | - | 0.4 ± 0.0 | - | 0.3 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | - | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 11.587 | 4.669 | 3.521 | 1.712 | 1.157 | 0.290 | 0.064 |
Variability (%) | 50.378 | 20.298 | 15.311 | 7.445 | 5.030 | 1.259 | 0.279 |
Cumulative (%) | 50.378 | 70.676 | 85.987 | 93.431 | 98.462 | 99.721 | 100.000 |
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Tringaniello, C.; Cossignani, L.; Blasi, F. Characterization of the Triacylglycerol Fraction of Italian and Extra-European Hemp Seed Oil. Foods 2021, 10, 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10050916
Tringaniello C, Cossignani L, Blasi F. Characterization of the Triacylglycerol Fraction of Italian and Extra-European Hemp Seed Oil. Foods. 2021; 10(5):916. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10050916
Chicago/Turabian StyleTringaniello, Carmela, Lina Cossignani, and Francesca Blasi. 2021. "Characterization of the Triacylglycerol Fraction of Italian and Extra-European Hemp Seed Oil" Foods 10, no. 5: 916. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10050916