Nutritional Profiling and Preliminary Bioactivity Screening of Five Micro-Algae Strains Cultivated in Northwest Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Algae Biomass
2.2. Biochemical Analysis
2.3. In Vitro Digestibility
2.4. Angiotensin-1-Converting Enzyme (ACE-1; EC 3.4.15.1) Inhibition Assay
2.5. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sample Pretreatment and Biochemical Composition
3.2. Carbohydrate Composition and Digestibility
3.3. Lipid Composition and Digestibility
3.4. Protein Composition and Digestibility
3.5. Mineral Content
3.6. Bioactivity Screening-ACE-1 Inhibition
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C. nivalis | P. purpureum | C. vulgaris | Disrupted N. gaditana | Disrupted Scenedesmus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates (% dm) 1 | 38.4 ± 0.5 | 51.2 ± 1.9 | 16.0 ± 3.2 | 15.8 ± 0.4 | 45.4 ± 6.9 |
Proteins (% dm) 1 | 33.4 ± 0.9 | 22.2 ± 0.1 | 45.5 ± 1.3 | 46.2 ± 0.3 | 25.7 ± 4.4 |
Lipids (% dm) | 22.2 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 0.9 | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 31.9 ± 0.6 | 17.5 ± 0.5 |
Ash (% dm) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 8.4 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.0 | 3.0 ± 0.1 |
Fatty Acid Levels (mg/g Dry Algae) | C. nivalis | P. purpureum | C. vulgaris | Disrupted N. gaditana | Disrupted Scenedesmus |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
C14:0 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 4.05 ± 0.08 | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
C16:0 | 17.03 ± 0.74 | 14.83 ± 2.18 | 23.89 ± 0.95 | 17.87 ± 0.73 | 14.06 ± 0.41 |
C16:1 (cis 9) | 0.41 ± 0.35 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0 | 31.49 ± 0.97 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
C17:0 | 4.75 ± 0.28 | 0 | 2.21 ± 0.11 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 1.24 ± 0.04 |
C18:0 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.70 ± 0.12 | 1.70 ± 0.07 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.94 ± 0.03 |
C18:1 (cis-9) | 20.88 ± 1.08 | 1.82 ± 0.50 | 28.26 ± 1.08 | 1.94 ± 0.12 | 16.68 ± 0.77 |
C18:1 (cis-11) | 11.15 ± 0.59 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 1.84 ± 0.06 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 1.11 ± 0.03 |
C18:2 (cis,cis-9,12) or LA | 12.57 ± 0.83 | 4.62 ± 0.18 | 15.21 ± 0.78 | 1.37 ± 0.08 | 8.54 ± 0.49 |
C18:3 (cis 6,9,12) | 0 | 0.14 ± 0.08 | 0.70 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.07 |
C18:3 (cis 9,12,15) or ALA | 26.98 ± 2.07 | 0.57 ± 0.09 | 22.39 ± 1.42 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 12.06 ± 0.61 |
C20:0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.03 |
C20:1 (cis11) | 0 | 0 | 0.50 ± 0.15 | 0 | 0.33 ± 0.03 |
C20:2 (cis 11,14) | 0 | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
C20:3 (cis8,11,14) | 0 | 0.55 ± 0.08 | 0 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 0 |
C20:4 (cis 5,8,11,14) | 0 | 8.24 ± 1.52 | 0 | 3.16 ± 0.27 | 0 |
C22:1 (cis 13) | 0 | 0 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
C20:5 (cis 5,8,11,14,17) or EPA | 0 | 3.61 ± 0.76 | 0 | 54.87 ± 4.67 | 0 |
C22:6 (cis 4,7,10,13,16,19) or DHA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.20 ± 0.03 | 0 |
Sum unidentified peaks | 23.03 ± 1.69 | 1.40 ± 0.54 | 25.50 ± 1.93 | 20.79 ± 1.41 | 16.41 ± 0.94 |
omega-3 fatty acids | 27.0 ± 2.1 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 22.4 ± 1.4 | 55.1 ± 4.7 | 12.1 ± 0.6 |
omega-6 fatty acids | 12.6 ± 0.8 | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 15.9 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 8.9 ± 0.5 |
sum SFA | 23.2 ± 0.8 | 15.6 ± 2.2 | 28.4 ± 1.0 | 23.0 ± 0.7 | 16.8 ± 0.4 |
sum MUFA | 32.4 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 30.8 ± 1.1 | 34.1 ± 1.0 | 18.5 ± 0.8 |
sum PUFA | 39.6 ± 2.2 | 18.0 ± 1.7 | 38.3 ± 1.6 | 61.4 ± 4.7 | 20.9 ± 0.8 |
C. nivalis | P. purpureum | C. vulgaris | Disrupted N. gaditana | Disrupted Scenedesmus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum amino acids (mg/g dm) 1 | 334 ± 9 | 222 ± 1 | 455 ± 13 | 462 ± 3 | 257 ± 44 |
Sum essential amino acids (mg/g dm) | 100 ± 1 | 71 ± 4 | 146 ± 2 | 150 ± 2 | 77 ± 14 |
Arginine (mg/g dm) | 94 ± 1 | 61 ± 3 | 128 ± 11 | 138 ± 8 | 69 ± 4 |
Lysine (mg/g dm) 2 | 17 ± 0 | 12 ± 1 | 23 ± 1 | 27 ± 1 | 14 ± 5 |
Alanine (mg/g dm) | 22 ± 1 | 17 ± 2 | 38 ± 1 | 34 ± 1 | 21 ± 5 |
Threonine (mg/g dm) 2 | 17 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 22 ± 1 | 22 ± 0 | 15 ± 2 |
Glycine (mg/g dm) | 17 ± 0 | 12 ± 2 | 27 ± 1 | 24 ± 1 | 15 ± 4 |
Valine (mg/g dm) 2 | 25 ± 1 | 15 ± 3 | 27 ± 0 | 28 ± 1 | 14 ± 5 |
Serine (mg/g dm) | 16 ± 0 | 12 ± 0 | 18 ± 1 | 19 ± 0 | 14 ± 1 |
Proline (mg/g dm) | 16 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 | 33 ± 0 | 34 ± 0 | 14 ± 3 |
Isoleucine (mg/g dm) 2 | 13 ± 1 | 11 ± 0 | 19 ± 0 | 22 ± 1 | 9 ± 4 |
Leucine (mg/g dm) 2 | 28 ± 0 | 19 ± 0 | 41 ± 0 | 41 ± 1 | 19 ± 11 |
Methionine (mg/g dm) 2 | 2 ± 0 | 5 ± 1 | 8 ± 0 | 7 ± 1 | 3 ± 1 |
Histidine (mg/g dm) 2 | 6 ± 0 | 3 ± 0 | 11 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 4 ± 1 |
Phenylalanine (mg/g dm) 2 | 17 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 24 ± 0 | 23 ± 0 | 14 ± 4 |
Glutamate and glutamine (mg/g dm) | 45 ± 6 | 24 ± 2 | 52 ± 1 | 50 ± 0 | 37 ± 4 |
Aspartate and asparagine (mg/g dm) | 37 ± 2 | 23 ± 1 | 40 ± 1 | 40 ± 1 | 27 ± 3 |
Cystine (mg/g dm) 3 | 2 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 3 ± 0 | 2 ± 0 | 1 ± 1 |
Tyrosine (mg/g dm) | 10 ± 0 | 9 ± 0 | 16 ± 0 | 16 ± 0 | 8 ± 1 |
C. nivalis | P. purpureum | C. vulgaris | Disrupted N. gaditana | Disrupted Scenedesmus | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P (mg/g dm) | 7.20 ± 0.11 | 7.73 ± 0.08 | 10.44 ± 0.16 | 13.35 ± 0.15 | 5.19 ± 0.04 |
K (mg/g dm) | 5.27 ± 0.10 | 9.84 ± 0.26 | 7.17 ± 0.03 | 13.35 ± 0.30 | 7.59 ± 0.20 |
Ca (mg/g dm) | 3.99 ± 0.04 | 8.72 ± 0.17 | 1.04 ± 0.01 | 3.05 ± 0.10 | 1.81 ± 0.05 |
Na (mg/g dm) | 1.07 ± 0.03 | 2.91 ± 0.09 | 17.11 ± 0.21 | 3.39 ± 0.10 | 0.13 ± 0.00 |
Cl (mg/g dm) | 0.94 ± 0.03 | 1.75 ± 0.10 | 18.57 ± 0.35 | 3.03 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.02 |
Fe (mg/g dm) | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 0.00 | 0.29 ± 0.00 | 0.37 ± 0.00 |
After digestion | |||||
Soluble orthophosphate (mg P/g dm) | 4.83 ± 0.28 | - 1 | 6.03 ± 1.94 | 7.25 ± 0.92 | 2.35 ± 0.08 |
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Verspreet, J.; Soetemans, L.; Gargan, C.; Hayes, M.; Bastiaens, L. Nutritional Profiling and Preliminary Bioactivity Screening of Five Micro-Algae Strains Cultivated in Northwest Europe. Foods 2021, 10, 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071516
Verspreet J, Soetemans L, Gargan C, Hayes M, Bastiaens L. Nutritional Profiling and Preliminary Bioactivity Screening of Five Micro-Algae Strains Cultivated in Northwest Europe. Foods. 2021; 10(7):1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071516
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerspreet, Joran, Lise Soetemans, Caoimhe Gargan, Maria Hayes, and Leen Bastiaens. 2021. "Nutritional Profiling and Preliminary Bioactivity Screening of Five Micro-Algae Strains Cultivated in Northwest Europe" Foods 10, no. 7: 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071516