Nutritional Profile, Antioxidative and Antihyperglycemic Properties of Padina tetrastromatica from Tioman Island, Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection, Identification and Processing of Algal Material
2.2. Molecular Identification of the Sample
2.3. Proximate Analysis
2.4. Fatty Acid Determination
2.5. Amino Acid Analysis
2.6. Mineral and Heavy Metal Analysis
2.7. Nonnutritive Components and Biological Activities
2.7.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.7.2. Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA)—Phosphomolybdate Assay
2.7.3. Reducing Power Capacity
2.7.4. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Scavenging Assay
2.8. In Vivo Antidiabetic Study
2.8.1. Experimental Animals
2.8.2. Biochemical and Histological Studies
2.8.3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
2.8.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Proximate Composition
3.2. Protein and Amino Acid Composition
3.3. Carbohydrate and Dietary Fibre
3.4. Total Lipid and Fatty acids (FA) Profile
3.5. Mineral Profile
3.6. Nonnutritive Components and Biological Activities
3.7. In Vivo Antidiabetic Study
3.7.1. Effect of P. tetrastromatica Extracts on the Body Weight of Rats
3.7.2. Effect of P. tetrastromatica Extracts on Food Intake
3.7.3. Effect of P. tetrastromatica Extracts on Plasma Glucose and Glycated Haemoglobin Levels
3.7.4. Effect of P. tetrastromatica Extract on Plasma ALT and AST Levels
3.7.5. Effect of P. tetrastromatica Extracts on Plasma Albumin Levels
3.7.6. Histopathological Analysis
3.8. Presence of Bioactive Components in P. tetrastromatica
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
WWF | World Wildlife Fund |
SPS | Sulphated polysaccharide |
WHO | World Health Organisation |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
AOAC | Association of Official Analytical Chemists |
v/v | volume/volume |
h | Hour |
DW | Dry weight |
Hex | Hexane |
EtOAc | Ethyl Acetate |
GC | Gas chromatography |
FAME | Fatty acid methyl ester |
FA | Fatty acid |
HCl | Hydrochloric acid |
HPLC | High-Performance Liquid Chromatography |
HNO3 | Nitric acid |
H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide |
ICP-MS | Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry |
TPC | Total Phenolic Content |
TFC | Total Flavonoid Content |
FC | Folin–Ciocalteau |
GAE | Gallic acid equivalent |
QE | Quercetin equivalent |
TAA | Total Antioxidant Activity |
AAE | Ascorbic acid equivalent |
OGTT | Oral Glucose Tolerance Test |
AST | Aspartate Transaminase |
ALT | Alanine Transaminase |
SD | Sprague Dawley |
ACUC | Animal Care and Use Committee |
EAA | Essential amino acid |
NEAA | Nonessential amino aid |
TNEAA | Total Nonessential amino aid |
TAA | Total Amino acid |
PUFA | Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
MUFA | Monounsaturated fatty acids |
SFA | Saturated fatty acids |
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Group | Group Description |
---|---|
Group I | Normal control group |
Group II | Diabetes-induced group (65 mg kg−1) |
Group III | Ethanol extract-treated group (200 mg kg−1) |
Group IV | Ethanol extract-treated group (400 mg kg−1) |
Group V | Ethyl acetate extract-treated group (200 mg kg−1) |
Group VI | Ethyl acetate extract-treated group (400 mg kg−1) |
Group VII | Metformin treated group (180 mg kg−1) |
Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) | Composition (mg g−1) |
Threonine | 1.319 ± 0.009 |
Valine | 1.155 ± 0.003 |
Isoleucine | 1.049 ± 0.106 |
Leucine | 3.659 ± 0.187 |
Lysine | 2.997 ± 0.102 |
Sum TEAAs | 10.179 ± 0.06 |
Nonessential Amino acids (NEAAs) | Composition (mg g−1) |
Aspartic acids | 24.704 ± 0.218 |
Glutamic acid | 6.829 ± 0.086 |
Serine | 0.47 ± 0.001 |
Glutamine | 10.307 ± 0.086 |
Glycine | 4973.57 ± 0.129 |
Alanine | 0.150 ± 0.003 |
Cysteine | 0.247 ± 0.003 |
Tyrosine | 2.307 ± 0.02 |
Arginine | 1.233 ± 0.06 |
Sum TNEAAs | 50.838 ± 0.19 |
EAAs/TAAs (%) | 16.68 ± 0.05 |
NEAAs/TAAs (%) | 83.32 ± 0.05 |
EAAs/NEAAs (%) | 20.02 ± 0.07 |
Chemical score | 0.478 |
Fatty Acid | Content (g 100 g Oil−1) |
---|---|
SFAs | |
Myristic acid (C14:0)) | 0.1 ± 0.00 |
Palmitic acid (C16:0) | 0.83 ± 0.06 |
Stearic acid (C18:0) | 0.3 ± 0.00 |
Arachidic acid (C20:0) | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
Total (%) | 1.37 ± 0.07 (73.20 ± 2.88) |
MUFA | |
Oleic acid(C18:1ω9) | 0.40 ± 0.10 |
Total (%) | 0.4 ± 0.05 (21.44 ± 2.83) |
PUFA | |
Linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) cis | 0.10 ± 0.00 |
Total | 0.1 ± 0.00 (5.36 ± 0.1) |
Total FA | 1.87 ± 0.03 |
Minerals | Content (mg 100 g−1) |
---|---|
Macro Metal | |
Calcium | 4388.3 |
Magnesium | 3.47 |
Potassium | 171.3 |
Sodium | 148.2 |
Na/K | 0.87 |
Trace Mineral | |
Copper | 0.60 |
Iron | 37.3 |
Manganese | 326.34 |
Molybdenum | 0.53 |
Selenium | 0.068 |
Zinc | 1.34 |
Chromium | 0.65 |
Cobalt | 0.14 |
Heavy metal/TWIs | |
Total Arsenic | 0.49 |
Cadmium | 0.01 |
Aluminium | 530.64 |
Lead | 0.79 |
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Palaniveloo, K.; Yee-Yinn, L.; Jia-Qi, L.; Chelliah, A.; Sze-Looi, S.; Nagappan, T.; Razak, S.A.; Dua, K.; Chellian, J.; Chellappan, D.K.; et al. Nutritional Profile, Antioxidative and Antihyperglycemic Properties of Padina tetrastromatica from Tioman Island, Malaysia. Foods 2021, 10, 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081932
Palaniveloo K, Yee-Yinn L, Jia-Qi L, Chelliah A, Sze-Looi S, Nagappan T, Razak SA, Dua K, Chellian J, Chellappan DK, et al. Nutritional Profile, Antioxidative and Antihyperglycemic Properties of Padina tetrastromatica from Tioman Island, Malaysia. Foods. 2021; 10(8):1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081932
Chicago/Turabian StylePalaniveloo, Kishneth, Liaw Yee-Yinn, Leong Jia-Qi, Alvin Chelliah, Song Sze-Looi, Thilahgavani Nagappan, Shariza Abdul Razak, Kamal Dua, Jestin Chellian, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, and et al. 2021. "Nutritional Profile, Antioxidative and Antihyperglycemic Properties of Padina tetrastromatica from Tioman Island, Malaysia" Foods 10, no. 8: 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081932