Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Natural Pigments
Mass Spectrometry: Main Principles, Advantages and Disadvantages
3. Data Analysis
4. Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Leaves Pigments
4.1. Antocyanins
4.1.1. Samples, Preprocessing and Extraction Details
4.1.2. Mass Spectra Acquisition
4.1.3. Identified and Quantified Anthocyanins
4.2. Carotenoids
4.2.1. Samples, Pre-Processing and Extraction Details
4.2.2. Mass Spectra Acquisition
4.2.3. Identified and Quantified Carotenoids
4.3. Chlorophylls
4.3.1. Samples, Pre-Processing and Extraction Details
4.3.2. Mass Spectra Acquisition
4.3.3. Identified and Quantified Chlorophylls
5. Critical Analysis and Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant | Sample | Solvents | Sample:Solvent | Time Extraction/Conditions | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | Commercial tea leaves | MeOH (0.1% TFA) | 250 g:no info | Maceration (overnight, 4 °C)—complex procedure with the isolation of 4 structures | [58] |
C. sinensis | Frozen in N2 | Cold MeOH | 100 mg:1000 mL | Chloroform+H2O (vortex 1’)—centrifuge (4000 rpm, 15’) | [59] |
C. sinensis | Frozen in N2-lyophilized | MeOH:H2O:FA (75:24:1) | 0.1 g:1 mL | Ultrasonic bath (10’)—centrifuge (12,000 rpm, 10’) | [16] |
C. sinensis | Frozen in N2-lyophilized | MeOH:H2O:FA (75:24:1) | 25 mg:1 mL | Ultrasonic bath (15’)— centrifuge | [60] |
C. sinensis | Stored (−80 °C)-lyophilized | MeOH (0.1 mg L−1 lidocaine) | 100 mg:1 mL | Overnight (4 °C)—centrifuge (10’; 10,000× g) | [61] |
L. sativa | Lyophilized | MeOH:H2O:FA (80:19:1) | 1 g:10 mL | Ultrasonic bath (12 kHz, 70′, 45 °C) | [62] |
L. sativa | Lyophilized | MeOH:H2O:AA (30:65:5) + 2 g/L AscA | 0.1 g:5 mL | Ultrasonic bath (10′)—centrifuge (6000 rpm, 15′, 4 °C) | [63] |
L. japonica | Lyophilized | MeOH:H2O:FA:TFA (70:27:2:1) | 500 mg:10 mL | Room temp (24 h) | [64] |
P. minus | Lyophilized | MeOH | 500 mg:5 mL | 1 h (room temp; 3 times) | [65] |
F. chiloensis | Lyophilized | MeOH:FA (99:1) | 5 g:50 mL | 1 h (room temp; 3 times), evaporation to dryness, H2O-Amberlite column, eluate evaporated to dryness with redissolution of MeOH:FA | [66] |
‘Mexican lime’ | Frozen in N2 | Acetone (80%) + ethyl acetate | 100 mg:400 + 240 mL | Dark (ice,10’; twice), H2O, centrifuge (8500× g, 5’,4 °C) | [67] |
I. batatas | Frozen in N2 | MeOH | 0.5 g:5mL | 24 h darkness (4 °C) | [68] |
O. basilicum | Frozen in N2 | MeOH (0.2 M HCL) | ‘known mass’:500 mL | Shaken (room temp, 40′), centrifuge (13,200 rpm; 30′), dried 3 times and reconstituted in 0.1% FA | [20] |
M. oleifera | Dried in shade | EtOH:H2O (1:1) | 1 g:7 mL | Ultrasonic bath (20′; 60 Hz), centrifuge (419 g; 10′) | [69] |
C. oblonga | Dried in shade | MeOH | 100 g:1000 mL | Ultrasonic bath (45′, 50 °C), evaporation dryness | [70] |
Z. mays | Dried | MeOH:HCl 1N (85:15) | 1 g:24 mL | Ice (15′)-centrifuge(3000 rpm, 5′)-redissoluion | [71] |
M. flabellifolia | Naturally desiccated | 4 different NaDES | 50 mg:1 mL | Diluted H2O ultrasound bath (1.5 h, 50–55 °C), diluted with H2O centrifuge (16,000 rpm, 20′) | [72] |
Plant | Column | Eluent | Ionization Source | (LC)-MS Technique | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. sinensis | RP C18 column (250 × 4.6mm, 5 µm) | H2O:ACN (90:10; 0.1% TFA)—H2O:ACN (50:50; 0.1% TFA) | ESI + | LC-ESI-MS | [58] |
C. sinensis | No info | H2O (0.1% FA)—ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI + | UPLC-MS | [59] |
C. sinensis | RP ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA—ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI + | UPLC-QTOF-MS | [16] |
C. sinensis | RP Luna C18 Phenomenex (150 × 2.0 mm, 3 µm) | H2O—ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI − | HPLC-Orbitrap-MS | [60] |
C. sinensis | RP ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) | H2O (0.04% AA)—ACN (0.04% AA) | ESI + | HPLC- ion trap-LC-MS/MS | [61] |
L. sativa | No info | H2O (0.01% FA)—ACN | ESI + and − | UPLC-QTOF MS | [62] |
L. sativa | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | H2O (0.1% AA)—MeOH (0.1% AA) | ESI + and − | UPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF/MS | [63] |
L. japonica | RP Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5μm) | ACN:FA(99:1)—H2O:FA (1:99:1) | ESI + | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | [64] |
P. minus | RP C18 (250 × 2.0 mm, 5 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)—ACN | ESI + | LC-TOF (micrOTOF-Q) MS | [65] |
F. chiloensis | RP Luna C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) | H2O (1% FA)—ACN | ESI + and − | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS | [66] |
‘Mexican lime’ | RP Waters XBridge C8 (4.6 × 100 mm) | ACN:H2O (19:90, 0.5% FA)—ACN | ESI + | HPLC-MS | [67] |
I. batatas | No info | No info | No info | UPLC-MS/MS | [68] |
O. basilicum | nanotip in-house packed C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA + 0.2% ACN)—ACN | ESI + | HPLC-QTOF MS | [20] |
M. oleifera | RP Denali C18 (150 × 2.1 mm, 3 µm) | H2O (0.2% FA)—ACN | ESI − | HPLC-MS | [69] |
C. oblonga | RP Zorbax eclipse plus C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)—ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI + | UHPLC-QTOF-MS | [70] |
Z. mays | No column | - | MALDI | TOF MS | [71] |
M. flabellifolia | RP ACQUITY BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)—ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI − | UPLC QTOF MS | [72] |
[58] | [59] | [16] | [60] | [61] | [62] | [63] | [64] # | [65] | [66] | [67] | [68] | [20] # | [69] | [70] | [71] | [72] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin (Cyn) | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | ||||||||||||||
Delphinidin (Delp) | |||||||||||||||||
Malvidin (Mal) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pelargonidin (Pel) | ♦ | ♦ | |||||||||||||||
Peonidin (Peo) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Petunidin (Pet) | |||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-(acetyl)-gluc | 1.08 ± 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(6″-o-acetyl)-gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-acetyl glucosamine | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-(6″-caffeylgluc) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-p-coumaroyl gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutin-5-gluc | 0.89 ± 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-(p-coumaroyl) derivative | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(6-p-coumaroyl-60-caffeoyl)sophoroside-5- o-gluc | 0.13 ± 0.02–0.82 ± 0.23 ## | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(6-p-coumaroyl-X-malonyl-60-caffeoyl)sophoroside-5-o-glucoside * | 0.05 ± 0.01–0.44 ± 0.11 ## | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(6,60-di-p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-o-gluc | 0.41 ± 0.02–2.02 ± 0.55 ## | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o- (6,60- di-p-coumaroyl-X-malonyl)sophoroside-5-o-gluc * | 0.10 ± 0.01–1.18 ± 0.31 ## | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl) galpyr | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-(p-feruloyl) derivative | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-galact | ♦ | 0.37 ± 0.02 | |||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-β-D-galact | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-gluc | ♦ | ♦ | ♦ | 32.74 ± 0.71 | ♦♦ | ♦ | |||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-gluc chloride | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-o-glucosyl-magluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3,5-o-digluc | ♦ | 39.13 ± 0.87 | ♦♦ | ♦ | |||||||||||||
Cyn-3-digluc-5-gluc | 1.56 ± 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn o-hexosyl-o-hexosyl-o-hexoside | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-malgluc ** | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-(3″-malgluc) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(3″-o-malonyl)-gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(6″-o-malonyl)-gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-3-o-(6″-o-malonyl-2’’-o-glucoronil) gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn-o-malonyl-malonylhexoside | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-rutin | 1.27 ± 0.05 | ♦ | |||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-rutin-5-gluc | 4.18 ± 0.13 | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-o-sophoroside | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn o-syringic acid | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Cyn 3-o-[2″-o-(xylosyl)-6″-o-(p-o-(glucosyl)-p-coumaryl)gluc]5-o-gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-o-arabinose | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-coumaroyl gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3- o-β-D-(6-(E)-p-coumaroyl) galpyr | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-galac | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-o-β-D-galac | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-o-gluc | ♦ | ♦ | |||||||||||||||
Delp hexose-coumaroyl | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp 3-(6″-malonylgluc)/6-OH-cyn 3-(6-malonylgluc) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
6-OH-delp-3-(6-malonylgluc) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Delp derivative | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Mal-3-acetyl gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Mal-3-coumaroyl gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Mal-3-gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Mal 3-o-gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pel gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pel 3-(6″-p-coumsambubi)-5-(6″-magluc) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Peo 3-o-(6″-acetyl-gluc) | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Peo 3-o-gluc | ♦ | ♦♦ | |||||||||||||||
Peo 3-o-hexoside | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Peo 3-malgluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Peo 3-rutin | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Peo 3-o-sophoroside-5-o-gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pet 3-acetyl gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pet 3-coumaroyl gluc | ♦♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pet 3-gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Pet gluc | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Procyn tetramer *** | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Proanthocyn III | ♦ | ||||||||||||||||
Prodelp-O-gallate II | ♦ |
Plant | Sample | Solvents | Sample:Solvent | Time Extraction/Conditions | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carrot leaves | Fresh leaves | Hexane:Acetone:EtOH:Toluene (10:7:6:7) | 1 g: no info | Extraction (56 °C)-mix with 10% sodium sulphate (epiphase withdrawn),evaporation to dryness, dissolution in chloroform | [17] |
M. oleifera | Fresh leaves | Cold acetone | 5 g: 50–100 mL | repeated extractions, partition to 10% ethyl ether in PE, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in acetone | [73] |
B. oleracea | Fresh leaves ground in household food processor | Cold acetone | 3–5 g:no info | Extraction-partition to 10% ethyl ether in PE, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in acetone | [74] |
R. communis | Dried (25 °C) and powdered | Hexane; EtOH and ethylacetate | No info | Maceration-ethyl acetate and EtOH extraction, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in ACN | [18] |
Z. dressleri | Brown 20 days old leaves | Acetone + 10 g NaHCO3 | 100 g:no info | Repeated extractions till colorless samples-extract diluted in ether:hexane (1:1), washed (H2O), dried (Na2SO4), evaporation to dryness, saponification | [75] |
C. sinensis | Frozen in liquid N2 (stored −80 °C) | Cold MeOH:H2O (1:1) | 25 mg:800 µL | TissueLyser LT (5′, 60 Hz)-, centrifuged (20′, 25,000× g, 4 °C) | [76] |
F. japonica// F. sachalinensis | Frozen (−25 °C)-lyophilized (stored −80 °C) | Hexane:Acetone:MeOH (2:1:1) (10% of MgCO3 in BHT–1%) | 500 mg:5 mL | Orbital shaker (300 rpm, 30′) dark—centrifuged (10′, 19,000× g, 4 °C), re-extraction, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in MeOH | [77] |
S. oleracea | Lyophilized-powdered (stored at −20 °C) | n-hexane; Dichloromethane; Ethyl acetate; Acetone; MeOH; MeOH (0.1% BHT) ** | 20 mg:2 mL | 15’ ultrasound, centrifuged (8′, 3800 rpm, 4 °C), re-extraction, evaporation to dryness—dissolution in ACN | [78] |
Fruit tree leaves * | Lyophilized-powdered | Hexane:Acetone:MeOH (2:1:1) (10% of MgCO3 in BHT–1%) | 100 mg:3 mL | Orbital shaker (300 rpm, 30′), dark—re-extraction 4 times, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in MeOH | [19] |
Plant | Column | Eluent | Ionization Source | (LC)-MS Technique | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carrot leaves | RP YMC C30 carotenoid column | MeOH-MTBE (0–100%) | APCI | HPLC Quadrupole Ion trap MS | [17] |
M. oleifera | RP YMC C30 carotenoid column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) | MeOH:MTBE:H2O (81:15:4)–MTBE/MeOH (91:9) | APCI | HPLC-QTOF MS | [73] |
B. oleracea | RP C18 Spherisorb ODS2 (150 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) | CAN (0.05% triethylamine):MeOH:ethyl acetate (95:5:0 to 60:20:20) | Thermabeam ESI + | HPLC MS | [74] |
R. communis | RP C18 column (3.0 × 150 mm, 2.6 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)–ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI + | LC-microTOF MS | [18] |
Z. dressleri | RP YMC C30 carotenoid column (250 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) | MeOH:MTBE:H2O (81:15:4)–MeOH:MTBE:H2O (6:90:4) | APCI | QTOF LC MS | [75] |
C. sinensis | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)–ACN (0.1% FA) | ESI+/ESI− | UPLC-QTOF MS | [76] |
F. japonica// F. sachalinensis | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | ACN:MeOH (7:3)–H2O (0.1% FA) | ESI + | LC-QTOF MS | [77] |
S. oleracea | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) + UPLC BEH C18 guard column (5 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | H2O:ACN:FA (80:20:0.1)–ACN:IPA:FA (60:40:0.1) | ESI + | UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS | [78] |
Fruit tree leaves * | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)–ACN:MeOH (7:3) | ESI + | LC-PDA-QTOF MS | [19] |
Carrot Leaves (Wild //Trangenic)[17] * | M. oleífera [73] | B. olerácea [74] * | R. communis [18] | Z. dressleri [75] | C. sinensis [76] | F. japonica//F. Sachalinensis [77] | Fruit Tree [19] ** | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | |
α-carotene | 20.1 ± 0.58//12.6 ± 0.62 | ♦ | ||||||
β-carotene | 21.8 ± 1.15//27.1 ± 0.77 | 30.7–42.4 ## | ♦ | ♦♦ | ||||
β-carotene-5,6-epoxide | ♦ | |||||||
15-Z-β-carotene | 0.40–0.69 | |||||||
All-E-β-carotene | 11.86–20.77 | |||||||
All-trans-β-carotene | 63.70 ± 0.13//41.41 ± 0.25 | |||||||
9-cis-β-carotene | ♦# | 19.08 ± 0.04//12.40 ± 0.07 | ♦♦ | |||||
13-cis-β-carotene | ♦# | 4.43 ± 0.01//2.88 ± 0.02 | ||||||
13-Z-β-carotene | ♦ | |||||||
9-Z-β-carotene | ♦ | |||||||
Adonirubin | 5.2 ± 0.27 § | |||||||
Adonixanthin | 5.0 ± 0.36 § | |||||||
Antheraxanthin | ♦ | |||||||
Astaxanthin | 32.4 ± 1.5 § | |||||||
Canthaxanthin | 4.1 ± 0.21 § | ♦ | ||||||
β-cryptoxanthin | 2.8 ± 0.42 § | ♦ | ||||||
α-cryptoxanthin | ♦ | |||||||
Lutein | 68.5 ± 0.87//46.0 ± 1.28 | 44.0–56.7 ## | ♦ | 45.2 ± 2.1–426.5 ± 4.2 | ||||
lutein-5,6-epoxide | 0.84 ± 0.00//0.55 ± 0.00 | |||||||
All-trans-lutein | 24.08 ± 0.05//15.65 ± 0.09 | |||||||
All-E-lutein | 17.6–41.16 | |||||||
13-Z-lutein | 1.58–5.80 | |||||||
All-E-luteoxanthin | 2.58–5.68 | |||||||
Zeaxanthin | 37.7 ± 0.59//29.8 ± 1.01 | ♦ # | ♦ | 3.1 ± 0.6–212.3 ± 2.5 | ||||
All-E-zeaxanthin | 2.26–13.54 | |||||||
All-trans-zeaxanthin | 4.46 ± 0.01//2.90 ± 0.02 | |||||||
Violaxanthin | 29.2–42.2 ## | |||||||
trans-violxanthin | 0.68 ± 0.00//0.44 ± 0.01 | |||||||
9-cis-violaxanthin | 0.3 ± 0.0–8.4 ± 1.1 | |||||||
Neoxanthin | 12.0–25.9 ## | ♦ | ||||||
9-cis-neoxanthin | 1.3 ± 0.1–33.6 ± 1.1 | |||||||
9-Z′-neoxanthin | ♦ | |||||||
Capsanthin | ♦ | |||||||
13/13-′Z-capsanthin | ♦ | |||||||
Capsoneoxanthin | ♦ | |||||||
Capsorubin | ♦ | |||||||
13-Z-capsorubin | ♦ | |||||||
Cryptocapsin | ♦ | |||||||
Cryptocapsin 5,6-epoxide | ♦ | |||||||
9-cis-β-cryptoxanthin | 11.0 ± 1.7–504.5 ± 4.5 | |||||||
Carotenoid compound | ♦♦♦ | |||||||
4,4′-diapolycopenedial | ♦ | |||||||
3,4-dihydroanydrorhodovibrin | ♦ | |||||||
3′,4′-dihydrorhodovibrin | ♦ | |||||||
OH-spheroidene | ♦ | |||||||
Echinenone | 2.4 ± 0.31§ | |||||||
3′-OH-echinenone | ♦ | |||||||
Isorenieratene | ♦ | |||||||
Presqualene diphosphate | ♦ | |||||||
8′-R-neochrome | 1.91 ± 0.00//1.24 ± 0.01 | |||||||
8′-S-neochrome | 2.31 ± 0.00//1.50 ± 0.01 |
Plant | Sample | Solvents | Sample:Solvent | Time Extraction/Conditions | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit tree leaves * | Lyophilized, powdered | Hexane/Acetone/MeOH (2:1:1) (10% of MgCO3 in BHT–1%) | 100 mg:3 mL | Orbital shaker (300rpm, 30′) dark—re-extraction 4 times, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in MeOH | [19] |
F. japonica// F. sachalinensis | Frozen (−25 °C), lyophilized (stored −80 °C) | Hexane:Acetone:MeOH (2:1:1) (10% of MgCO3 in BHT–1%) | 500 mg:5 mL | Orbital shaker (300 rpm, 30′) dark—centrifuged (10′, 19,000× g, 4 °C), re-extraction, evaporation to dryness, dissolution in MeOH | [77] |
C. sinensis ** | Unprocessed samples | Cold acetone (80%) | 10 mg:2 mL | No info | [79] |
R. nasutus | Hot air drying (60 °C, 4 h); freeze-dried; stored −20 °C | Hexane:EtOH/acetone/toluene (10:6:7:7) | 200 mg:30 mL | Shake 1 h, 15 mL hexane (shake 10′), 15 mL of 10% anhydrous sodium sulphate (shake 1′), organic layer extracted (4 times 15 mL hexane), evaporation to dryness, dissolution in acetone | [80] |
Plant | Column | Eluent | Ionization Source | Mass Analysers | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit tree leaves * | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | H2O (0.1% FA)–ACN:MeOH (7:3) | ESI + | LC-PDA-QTOF MS | [19] |
F. japonica// F. sachalinensis | RP ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | ACN:MeOH (7:3)–H2O (0.1% FA) | ESI + | LC-QTOF MS | [77] |
C. sinensis ** | RP BEH C18 (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 m) and RP ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) | MeOH:iPrOH:ACN (10:15:75)–MeOH:ACN:H2O (CH3COONH4, 10 mM) (25:25:50) | APCI (apolar compounds) ESI + (polar compounds) | UHPLC tandem MS | [79] |
R. nasutus | RP Eclipse XDB-C18 | MeOH:DMF (97:3)–ACN–Acetone | APCI | HPLC-DAD MS | [80] |
Fruit Tree [19] * | F. japonica//F. Sachalinensis [77] | C. sinensis [79] ** | R. nasutus (Hot-Air//Freeze Drying) [80] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorophyll a | 0.1 ± 0.0–186.4 ± 2.5 # | 22.91 ± 0.05//14.89 ± 0.09 | 72 ± 3–1250 ± 30 | 814.1 ± 11.82//4707 ± 59 ## |
Chlorophyll a’ | # | 1.00 ± 0.01//0.65 ± 0.00 | 90 ± 5–273.8 ± 1.2 | 131.2 ± 2.10//53.47 ± 1.30 ## |
Chlorophyll b | 7.0 ± 0.5–80.4 ± 2.6 # | 63.19 ± 0.13//41.07 ± 0.24 | 50.6 ± 0.3–1300 ± 18 | 324.7 ± 8.83//1280 ± 17 ## |
Chlorophyll b’ | # | 4.45 ± 0.01//2.89 ± 0.02 | 30.7 ± 2.1–410 ± 6 | 67.08 ± 1.31//ND ## |
Chlorophyllide a | 0.1 ± 0.0–12.7 ± 1.2 | 1.52 ± 0.00//0.99 ± 0.01 | 76-6 ± 2.1–136 ± 8 | |
Chlorophyllide a’ | 87 ± 6 | |||
Chlorophyllide b | 8.91 ± 0.02//5.79 ± 0.03 | 70.5 ± 2.4–123 ± 16 | ||
Chlorophyllide b’ | 85 ± 3–129 ± 13 | |||
Pheophorbid a | 0.3 ± 0.0–40.4 ± 3.1 # | 219 ± 30–1260 ± 120 | ||
Pheophorbid a’ | # | 68.7 ±2.5–295 ± 5 | ||
Pheophorbid b | 0.2 ± 0.0–165.1 ± 0.3 # | 72 ± 7–321 ± 30 | ||
Pheophorbid b’ | # | 52.0 ± 1.8–219.1 ± 1.8 | ||
Pheophytin a | 3.3 ± 0.2–221.2 ± 2.5 # | 1.48 ± 0.01//0.96 ± 0.01 | 500 ± 50–3200 ± 320 | 440.2 ± 7.02 // 84.07 ± 1.73 ## |
Pheophytin a’ | # | 0.68 ± 0.01//0.44 ± 0.00 | 96 ± 10–573 ± 40 | 69.68 ± 1.15//ND ## |
Pheophytin b | 4.8 ± 0.2–311.3 ± 3.1 # | 75.13 ± 0.15//48.83 ± 0.29 | 61.1 ± 0.8–368 ± 18 | 39.65 ± 2.01//ND## |
Pheophytin b’ | # | 11.51 ± 0.02//7.48 ± 0.04 | 58.4 ± 1.9–106 ± 10 | |
OH-chlorophyll a | 2.34 ± 0.02//1.52 ± 0.01 | 206.4 ± 3.44//ND ## | ||
13-OH-chlorophyll a | 111 ± 5 | |||
15-OH-lactone chlorophyll a | 9.25 ± 0.45//ND ## | |||
OH-chlorophyll b | 0.2 ± 0.0–9.2 ± 0.3 | 108.6 ± 1.58//ND ## | ||
13-OH-chlorophyll b | 42 ± 3–226 ± 8 | |||
OH-pheophytin a | 0.3 ± 0.0–25.3 ± 0.4 | 88.29 ± 2.42//ND ## | ||
13-OH-pheophitin a | 83 ± 13–470 ± 3 | |||
15’-OH-lactone pheophytin a | 69 ± 6–222 ± 2 | |||
Pyropheophytin a | 73 ± 6–327 ± 30 | |||
OH-pheophytin a’ | 69.6 ± 2.70//ND ## | |||
13-OH-pheophitin a’ | 68 ± 3–391 ± 24 | |||
OH-pheophytin b | 2.7 ± 0.3–91.3 ± 1.7 | 21.29 ± 0.04//13.84 ± 0.08 | ||
13-OH-pheophytin b | 52.5 ± 4–167 ± 11 | |||
15’-OH-lactone pheophytin b | 41 ± 4–114 ± 11 | |||
13-OH-pheophytin b’ | 36.1 ± 2.3–159 ± 2 |
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Sousa, C. Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022, 11, 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131924
Sousa C. Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods. 2022; 11(13):1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131924
Chicago/Turabian StyleSousa, Clara. 2022. "Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry" Foods 11, no. 13: 1924. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131924