Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica Mushroom and Its Maillard Reaction Products Based on E-Nose and GC-IMS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Equipment
2.2. Method
2.2.1. Preparation of Enzymatic Hydrolysate of L. asiatica
2.2.2. Preparation of the Maillard Reaction Products
2.2.3. E-Nose Analysis
2.2.4. GC-IMS Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. E-Nose Analysis
3.1.1. Aroma Composition Analysis of the Enzyme Hydrolysate of L. asiatica and Its MRPs
3.1.2. PCA of the Enzyme Hydrolysate of L. asiatica and Its MRPs
3.2. GC-IMS Analysis
3.2.1. GC-IMS Spectrum Analysis of the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of L. asiatica and Its MRPs
3.2.2. Differences in Volatile Compounds between the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of L. asiatica and Its MRPs
3.2.3. GC-IMS Integral Parameter Analysis of Volatile Fractions in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of L. asiatica and Its MRPs
3.3. Principal Component Analysis and Similarity Analysis of the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of L. asiatica and Its MRPs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Type of Substance |
---|---|
W1C | Aromatic compounds |
W5S | Nitrogen oxide |
W3C | Ammonia, aromatic compounds |
W6S | Hydride |
W5C | Alkanes, aromatic compounds |
W1S | Methane |
W1W | Sulphides and terpenes |
W2S | Alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones |
W2W | Aromatic components and organic sulfides |
W3S | Long-chain alkanes |
No. | Compound | CAS# | Formula | RI 1 | Rt 2 [s] | Dt 3 [RIPrel] | Intensity (V) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E 4 | M 5 | |||||||
Aldehydes | ||||||||
1 | Phenylacetaldehyde | C122781 | C8H8O | 1764.8 | 2258.2 | 1.263 | 677.7 | 928.2 |
2 | Benzaldehyde | C100527 | C7H6O | 1547.6 | 1409.4 | 1.158 | 553.8 | 321.5 |
3 | Nonanal | C124196 | C9H18O | 1401.0 | 1025.3 | 1.487 | 501.5 | 492.8 |
4 | Octanal | C124130 | C8H16O | 1291.0 | 807.9 | 1.412 | 133.1 | 627.5 |
5 | 3-Methyl-2-butenal | C107868 | C5H8O | 1211.9 | 685.8 | 1.093 | 151.6 | 149.4 |
6 | Heptanal (M 6) | C111717 | C7H14O | 1194.7 | 661.8 | 1.342 | 723.7 | 356.7 |
7 | Heptanal (D 7) | C111717 | C7H14O | 1194.2 | 661.2 | 1.699 | 132.3 | 41.7 |
8 | Hexanal (M) | C66251 | C6H12O | 1097.6 | 481.2 | 1.273 | 420.7 | 167.5 |
9 | Hexanal (D) | C66251 | C6H12O | 1097.6 | 481.2 | 1.564 | 863.6 | 101.9 |
10 | Pentanal | C110623 | C5H10O | 998.7 | 358.7 | 1.420 | 906.3 | 314.7 |
11 | 3-Methylbutanal | C590863 | C5H10O | 926.2 | 304.1 | 1.399 | 9844.0 | 7841.7 |
12 | 2-Methylbutanal | C96173 | C5H10O | 916.5 | 297.6 | 1.623 | 307.6 | 220.5 |
13 | Acrolein | C107028 | C3H4O | 862.0 | 263.2 | 1.059 | 7288.0 | 847.6 |
14 | 2-Methylpropanal | C78842 | C4H8O | 825.5 | 242.4 | 1.278 | 3199.6 | 596.4 |
15 | Propanal | C123386 | C3H6O | 815.4 | 237.0 | 1.145 | 897.2 | 4572.6 |
16 | Acetaldehyde | C75070 | C2H4O | 782.6 | 220.0 | 1.025 | 2310.7 | 1974.3 |
17 | 2-Methyl-2-pentenal | C623369 | C6H10O | 1176.2 | 624.5 | 1.147 | 54.1 | 1088.6 |
18 | Furfural (M) | C98011 | C5H4O2 | 1492.2 | 1249.7 | 1.093 | 713.4 | 4471.1 |
19 | Furfural (D) | C98011 | C5H4O2 | 1493.0 | 1251.8 | 1.336 | 78.5 | 1773.3 |
Alcohols | ||||||||
20 | 3-Furanmethanol | C4412913 | C5H6O2 | 1797.3 | 2423.2 | 1.105 | 2459.8 | 2153.3 |
21 | Furfuryl alcohol | C98000 | C5H6O2 | 1732.9 | 2107.1 | 1.128 | 1052.3 | 891.3 |
22 | 1-Octen-3-ol | C3391864 | C8H16O | 1483.2 | 1225.6 | 1.163 | 126.1 | 109.9 |
23 | 1-Hexanol | C111273 | C6H14O | 1368.4 | 955.2 | 1.329 | 170.4 | 144.2 |
24 | 3-Methyl-1-butanol (M) | C123513 | C5H12O | 1218.4 | 695.2 | 1.241 | 4115.7 | 2607.9 |
25 | 3-Methyl-1-butanol (D) | C123513 | C5H12O | 1218.9 | 695.9 | 1.490 | 4122.6 | 1259.8 |
26 | 1-Pentanol | C71410 | C5H12O | 1263.1 | 762.6 | 1.256 | 140.0 | 107.6 |
27 | 1-Penten-3-ol | C616251 | C5H10O | 1166.0 | 603.8 | 1.353 | 50.3 | 455.0 |
28 | 3-Methyl-2-butanol | C598754 | C5H12O | 1106.2 | 495.0 | 1.426 | 1787.3 | 1527.1 |
29 | 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol | C763326 | C5H10O | 1263.7 | 763.5 | 1.164 | 120.2 | 993.7 |
30 | 4-Methyl-1-pentanol | C626891 | C6H14O | 1323.6 | 866.8 | 1.350 | 54.5 | 938.0 |
31 | 1-Butanol | C71363 | C4H10O | 1160.2 | 592.2 | 1.182 | 665.4 | 391.4 |
32 | 2-Methyl-1-propanol (M) | C78831 | C4H10O | 1108.1 | 498.2 | 1.178 | 1369.4 | 368.0 |
33 | 2-Methyl-1-propanol (D) | C78831 | C4H10O | 1107.6 | 497.4 | 1.367 | 1857.3 | 450.0 |
34 | 2-Butanol | C78922 | C4H10O | 1035.1 | 399.7 | 1.151 | 323.9 | 233.7 |
35 | Ethanol | C64175 | C2H6O | 943.4 | 316.1 | 1.130 | 10,164.5 | 5460.7 |
36 | Acetoin (M) | C513860 | C4H8O2 | 1297.6 | 819.3 | 1.070 | 1054.7 | 2938.2 |
37 | Acetoin (D) | C513860 | C4H8O2 | 1297.3 | 818.6 | 1.330 | 148.6 | 2337.1 |
Ketone | ||||||||
38 | 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | C110930 | C8H14O | 1348.6 | 915.2 | 1.167 | 218.0 | 169.3 |
39 | Acetophenone | C98862 | C8H8O | 1687.7 | 1910.2 | 1.178 | 394.4 | 736.2 |
40 | 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone (M) | C116096 | C3H6O2 | 1312.2 | 845.6 | 1.066 | 650.8 | 4227.2 |
41 | 1-Hydroxy-2-propanone (D) | C116096 | C3H6O2 | 1313.4 | 847.9 | 1.229 | 130.1 | 10,203.7 |
42 | Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone | C96480 | C4H6O2 | 1708.8 | 1999.8 | 1.091 | 446.6 | 1694.8 |
43 | 1-Penten-3-one | C1629589 | C5H8O | 1031.1 | 395.0 | 1.079 | 37.4 | 217.3 |
44 | Acetone | C67641 | C3H6O | 835.4 | 247.9 | 1.114 | 7043.1 | 22,187.3 |
45 | 2-Butanone | C78933 | C4H8O | 912.4 | 294.8 | 1.243 | 1304.9 | 7706.1 |
46 | 2-Pentanone | C107879 | C5H10O | 996.6 | 356.5 | 1.361 | 1295.1 | 2262.2 |
47 | 2,3-Butanedione | C431038 | C4H6O2 | 993.4 | 353.8 | 1.179 | 825.0 | 981.8 |
48 | 3-Methyl-2-pentanone | C565617 | C6H12O | 1031.4 | 395.3 | 1.183 | 334.0 | 690.3 |
49 | 2-Hexanone | C591786 | C6H12O | 1096.8 | 479.9 | 1.518 | 3335.3 | 928.0 |
50 | 2-Heptanone (M) | C110430 | C7H14O | 1191.2 | 656.5 | 1.263 | 1156.3 | 558.7 |
51 | 2-Heptanone (D) | C110430 | C7H14O | 1190.9 | 655.8 | 1.635 | 344.5 | 126.9 |
52 | Cyclohexanone | C108941 | C6H10O | 1296.9 | 817.9 | 1.162 | 1485.7 | 1397.8 |
53 | 2,3-Pentanedione | C600146 | C5H8O2 | 1060.0 | 430.3 | 1.250 | 938.8 | 1218.5 |
Esters | ||||||||
54 | Pentyl acetate | C628637 | C7H14O2 | 1172.2 | 616.3 | 1.320 | 244.8 | 1025.2 |
55 | Isoamyl acetate (M) | C123922 | C7H14O2 | 1134.7 | 544.1 | 1.298 | 1794.2 | 1165.8 |
56 | Isoamyl acetate (D) | C123922 | C7H14O2 | 1133.9 | 542.7 | 1.742 | 1446. | 109.0 |
57 | Isobutyl acetate (M) | C110190 | C6H12O2 | 1025.8 | 388.8 | 1.231 | 1321.3 | 474.4 |
58 | Isobutyl acetate (D) | C110190 | C6H12O2 | 1025.8 | 388.8 | 1.612 | 959.9 | 91.8 |
59 | Ethyl Acetate | C141786 | C4H8O2 | 894.8 | 283.4 | 1.333 | 13,691.2 | 5224.3 |
60 | Methyl acetate | C79209 | C3H6O2 | 833.5 | 246.8 | 1.198 | 2161.6 | 118.4 |
61 | Ethyl pentanoate | C539822 | C7H14O2 | 1155.6 | 583.2 | 1.255 | 57.8 | 247.7 |
62 | Isopropyl acetate | C108214 | C5H10O2 | 905.6 | 290.3 | 1.462 | 109.0 | 53.1 |
Acids | ||||||||
63 | Propanoic acid | C79094 | C3H6O2 | 1632.7 | 1695.1 | 1.118 | 554.0 | 556.5 |
64 | Acetic acid (M) | C64197 | C2H4O2 | 1501.3 | 1274.6 | 1.056 | 10,102.7 | 8938.7 |
65 | Acetic acid (D) | C64197 | C2H4O2 | 1501.3 | 1274.6 | 1.160 | 1870.8 | 1833.6 |
66 | Methional | C3268493 | C4H8OS | 1472.7 | 1197.8 | 1.090 | 204.2 | 188.1 |
Pyrazines | ||||||||
67 | 3-Isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine | C25773404 | C8H12N2O | 1423.2 | 1076.0 | 1.246 | 76.3 | 852.4 |
68 | 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine | C14667551 | C7H10N2 | 1426.3 | 1083.2 | 1.166 | 351.4 | 268.9 |
69 | 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (D) | C123320 | C6H8N2 | 1326.1 | 871.5 | 1.499 | 50.1 | 1170.9 |
70 | Pyrazine (M) | C290379 | C4H4N2 | 1225.6 | 705.5 | 1.054 | 557.6 | 5283.2 |
71 | Pyrazine (D) | C290379 | C4H4N2 | 1226.1 | 706.3 | 1.279 | 272.2 | 1010.6 |
72 | 2-Methylpyrazine (M) | C109080 | C5H6N2 | 1275.6 | 782.6 | 1.091 | 150.6 | 4035.6 |
73 | 2-Methylpyrazine (D) | C109080 | C5H6N2 | 1275.6 | 782.6 | 1.399 | 100.2 | 2227.8 |
74 | 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (M) | C123320 | C6H8N2 | 1326.5 | 872.3 | 1.118 | 150.6 | 4035.6 |
Furans | ||||||||
75 | 2-Acetylfuran | C1192627 | C6H6O2 | 1539.3 | 1384.1 | 1.129 | 185.5 | 641.15 |
76 | 2-Ethylfuran | C3208160 | C6H8O | 957.0 | 326.0 | 1.281 | 2234.0 | 2626.16 |
77 | 2-Pentylfuran | C3777693 | C9H14O | 1239.3 | 725.9 | 1.255 | 262.9 | 324.86 |
Others | ||||||||
78 | Thiophene | C110021 | C4H4S | 1028.1 | 391.5 | 1.040 | 403.1 | 524.7 |
79 | 2-Methylthiophene | C554143 | C5H6S | 1084.3 | 462.5 | 1.044 | 4066.7 | 4764.9 |
80 | 3-Butenenitrile | C109751 | C4H5N | 1196.4 | 664.2 | 1.105 | 86.5 | 299.0 |
81 | Acrylonitrile | C107131 | C3H3N | 1011.9 | 373.1 | 1.086 | 41.3 | 111.9 |
82 | Ammonia | C7664417 | H3N | 1259.7 | 757.2 | 0.855 | 11,427.4 | 2980.7 |
83 | 3-Ethylpyridine | C536787 | C7H9N | 1385.4 | 991.2 | 1.103 | 46.2 | 650.0 |
84 | Dipropyl disulphide | C629196 | C6H14S2 | 1388.3 | 997.4 | 1.249 | 63.8 | 412.7 |
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Yang, N.; Zhang, S.; Zhou, P.; Zhang, W.; Luo, X.; Cao, J.; Sun, D. Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica Mushroom and Its Maillard Reaction Products Based on E-Nose and GC-IMS. Foods 2022, 11, 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244056
Yang N, Zhang S, Zhou P, Zhang W, Luo X, Cao J, Sun D. Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica Mushroom and Its Maillard Reaction Products Based on E-Nose and GC-IMS. Foods. 2022; 11(24):4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244056
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ning, Shasha Zhang, Pei Zhou, Weisi Zhang, Xiaoli Luo, Jingjing Cao, and Dafeng Sun. 2022. "Analysis of Volatile Flavor Substances in the Enzymatic Hydrolysate of Lanmaoa asiatica Mushroom and Its Maillard Reaction Products Based on E-Nose and GC-IMS" Foods 11, no. 24: 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244056