Phytochemical Profile, Biological Properties, and Food Applications of the Medicinal Plant Syzygium cumini
Abstract
:1. Botanical Description and Traditional Uses
2. Phytochemical Profile
3. Pharmacological Potential of S. cumini
3.1. Antioxidant Activity
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Potential
3.3. Anticancer Potential
3.4. Radioprotection
3.5. Hyperlipidemia and Cardioprotective Activity
3.6. Antidiabetic Potential
3.7. Gastroprotective, Antidiarrheal, and Antimicrobial Activity
4. Value-Added Food Products and Food Packaging Material
5. Summary and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrients | Amount | References |
---|---|---|
Fruit | ||
Moisture | 79.2–85.9% | [3,12,13,14,15,16] |
Carbohydrates | 7.88–22.4% | [3,12,14,15,16,17] |
Proteins | 0.65–6.60% | [3,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] |
Fats | 0.15–1.81% | [3,12,14,15,16,17,18] |
Crude fiber | 0.22–3.65% | [3,12,14,15,16,17,18] |
Ash | 0.30–4.50% | [3,13,15,16,17,18] |
Calcium | 0.02–116.0 mg/100 g | [3,13,14,15,19] |
Sodium | 3.50–141.7 mg/100 g | [3,14,16] |
Potassium | 172–1791 mg/100 g | [3,16,19] |
Iron | 0.10–4.60 mg/100 g | [3,13,14,15,16,19] |
Magnesium | 9.14–49.8 mg/100 g | [3,12,14,16] |
Phosphorus | 0.01–18.5 mg/100 g | [13,14,15,19] |
Zinc | 0.28–2.11 mg/100 g | [3,14,16,19] |
Copper | 0.07–6.80 mg/100 g | [12,14,16] |
Chlorine | 8.00 mg/100 g | [12] |
Manganese | 0.57–1.33 mg/100 g | [16,19] |
Chromium | 0.35 mg/100 g | [16] |
Riboflavin | 0.009–0.01 mg/100 g | [13,14,15] |
Thiamine | 0.008–0.12 mg/100 g | [12,13,14,15,19] |
Niacin | 0.20–0.30 mg/100 g | [12,13,15,19] |
Ascorbic acid | 5.70–137 mg/100 g | [3,13,14,16,17,19] |
Vitamin A | 80 I.U | [12] |
Folic acid | 3.00 mg/100 g | [12,15] |
Seed | ||
Moisture | 47.0–52.2% | [3,18] |
Carbohydrates | 41.0–89.7% | [3,18,20] |
Proteins | 4.68–6.80% | [3,18] |
Fats | 0.35–1.28% | [3,18,20] |
Ash | 2.00–3.13% | [3,18,20] |
Calcium | 0.41–135 mg/100 g | [3,20] |
Magnesium | 111.6 mg/100 g | [3] |
Potassium | 606 mg/100 g | [3] |
Phosphorus | 0.17% | [20] |
Sodium | 6.10–43.9 mg/100 g | [3,20] |
Iron | 4.20 mg/100 g | [3] |
Copper | 2.13 mg/100 g | [3] |
Ascorbic acid | 1.84% | [3] |
Leaf | ||
Proteins | 9.10% | [21] |
Fats | 4.30% | [21] |
Fiber | 17.0% | [21] |
Ash | 6.00% | [21] |
Calcium | 1.30% | [21] |
Plant Part | Phytochemicals | References |
---|---|---|
Seeds | Fatty acids: oleic acid, stearic acid, octadecanal, 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether, n-hexadecanoic acid Phenolic acids: gallic acid, ellagic acid Flavonoids: quercetin Phytosterols: β-sitoterol Tannins: corilagin, 3,6-hexahydroxy diphenoylglucose, 1-galloylglucose, 3-galloylglucose, 4,6 hexahydroxydiphenoylglucose Others: 2-bromo-cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl, cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl, pyrazole[4,5-b] imidazole, 1-formyl-3-ethyl-6-beta-d-ribofuranosyl, 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester, benzaldehyde | [32,33,34] |
Leaves | Alkanes: n-heptacosane, n-nonacosane, n-hentriacontane, noctacosanol, n-triacontanol, n-dotricontanol Terpenoids: betulinic acid, maslinic acid, α-pinene, camphene, globulol, caryophyllene, δ-cadinene, β-eudesmol, β-pinene, γ-cadinene, α-terpineol, camphor, humulene 6,7-epoxide, cubeban-11-ol, α-muurolene, epicubenol, α-copaene, viridiflorene, guanine, β-bourbonene, terpinen-4-ol, endo-borneol, levoverbenone Flavonoids: quercetin, myricetin, myricitrin, flavonol glycosides, myricetin 3-O-(4’’-acetyl)-α L-rhamnopyranosides Phytosterols: β-sitosterol | [31,32,35] |
Stem bark | Terpenoids: friedelin, friedelan-3-α-ol, betulinic acid Phytosterols: β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-D-glucoside Phenolic acids: gallic acid, ellagic acid Tannins: gallotannin, ellagitannins Flavonoids: kaempferol, myricetin | [32,33] |
Pulp and Skin | Anthocyanins: delphinidin-3,5-O-digalactoside, delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3,5-O-digalactoside, petunidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-O-digalactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3,5-O-digalactoside, peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin-3,5-O-digalactoside, malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside Flavonols: myricetin-3-O-glucuronide, myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, myricetin-3-O-pentoside, laricitrin-3-O-galactoside, laricitrin-3-O-glucoside, syringetin-3-O-galactoside, syringetin-3-O-glucoside,Flavanonols: DHQ-dihexoside-1, DHQ-dihexoside-2, DHQ-dihexoside-3, MDHQ-dihexoside, MDHQ-dihexoside, DHM-dihexoside-1, DHM-dihexoside-2, DHM-dihexoside-3, DHM-dihexoside-4, DHM-dihexoside-5, DHM-dihexoside-6, MDHM-dihexoside-1, MDHM-dihexoside-2, MDHM-dihexoside-3, MDHM-dihexoside-4, MDHM-dihexoside-5, MDHM-dihexoside-6, DMDHM-dihexoside-1, DMDHM-dihexoside-2, DMDHM-dihexoside-3, liquiritigenin Flavan-3-ols: catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin 3-O-gallate, catechin 3-O-gallate, epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, gallocatechin 3-O-gallate Tannins: galloyl-glucose, 3galloyl-glucose-1, 2galloyl-glucose, 3galloyl-glucose-2, 3galloyl-glucose-3, 3galloyl-glucose-4, 4galloyl-glucose-1, 4galloyl-glucose-2, 5galloyl-glucose-1, 5galloyl-glucose-2, 5galloyl-glucose-3, 6galloyl-glucoside-1, 6galloyl-glucoside-1, castalagin, vescalagin, (2) HHDP-glucose-1, (2) HHDP-glucose-2, G-(2) HHDP-glucose-1, (2) HHDP-glucose-2, (2) G-HHDP-glucose-1, (2) G-HHDP-glucose-2, (2) G-HHDP-glucose-3, (3) G-HHDP-glucose, trisgalloyl-HHDP-glucose-1, trisgalloyl-HHDP-glucose-2 Phenolic acids: quinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, Coumarins: umbelliferon, scopoletin, Terpenoid: rosmanol | [28,32,36,37,38] |
Flowers | Flavonoids: isoquercetin, quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, Terpenoid: oleanolic acid, Phenolic acid: ellagic acids | [32] |
Essential oils | Terpenoids: α-terpeneol, myrtenol, eucarvone, muurolol, α-myrtenal, 1, 8-cineole, geranyl acetone, α-cadinol, pinocarvone | [39] |
Plant Part | Extraction Solvent | Species/Assays/Cell Lines | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-Inflammatory Activity | ||||
Fruit | Water | Rats | 68.9% inhibition against carrageenan-induced paw edema | [44] |
Fruit | Water | Lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes | Palliate inflammatory reactions against hepatitis B vaccine | [70] |
Fruit | Methanol | Rats | 70% inhibition against carrageenan-induced edema | [37] |
Fruit | Methanol | Mice | 72% inhibition against formaldehyde-induced edema | [37] |
Fruit | Methanol | Rats | 69% inhibition against PGE2-induced edema | [37] |
Fruit | Methanol | Heat-induced hemolysis | 67% inhibition against heat-induced hemolysis | [37] |
Fruit | Methanol | Serum albumin denaturation | 82% inhibition against bovine serum albumin denaturation | [37] |
Fruit | Methanol | Egg albumin denaturation | 75% inhibition against egg albumin denaturation | [37] |
Seed | Methanol | Heat-induced hemolysis | Notable inhibition recorded against heat-induced hemolysis | [75] |
Seed | Water | Neutrophils | Significant inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis | [73] |
Seed | Water | Rats | Significant suppression of ectonucleotidase | [74] |
Seed | Successive | RAW 264.7 | Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, IL-β, TNF-α) | [77] |
Leaf | Ethyl acetate | Rats | Altered C48/80 induced paw edema even at dose of 0.01 mg/kg | [81] |
Leaf | Successive | Rats | Significant alteration observed against carrageenan-induced inflammation | [82] |
Leaf | Methanol | Rats | Oral administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner | [86] |
Leaf | Essential Oil | Mice | Significant apoptosis observed among inflammatory cells | [88] |
Leaf | Essential Oil | Mice | 67% inhibition of eosinophils migration | [89] |
Leaf | Water | Mice | Significant inhibition against indomethacin-induced inflammation | [76] |
Leaf | Methanol | Rats | 75.2% inhibition against carrageenan-induced paw edema | [66] |
Stem bark | Ethanol | Rats | 40.6% against formaldehyde-induced edema | [48] |
Stem bark | Ethanol | Rats | 46.0% against PGE2-induced paw edema | [79] |
Root | Water | RAW 264.7 | Significant reduction of IL-6 | [80] |
Plant Part | Extraction Solvent | Cell Line | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Peel | 50% aqueous Methanol | SiHa and HeLa | Dose-dependent cell death against both cell lines | [93] |
Pulp | Chloroform | PA-1 | IC50 27 μg/mL IC50 40 μg/mL | [27] |
Pulp | Methanol | OSCC | IC50 < 50 μg/mL | [95] |
Pulp | Ethanol | Leukemia cells | Direct correlation observed between antioxidant status and anti-leukemia activity | [96] |
Pulp | Acidic methanol | HCT-116 | Dose-dependent cell death | [94] |
Pulp | Methanol | H460 | IC50 35.2 µg/mL | [97] |
Fruit | Ethanol | HT-29 | IC50 267.5 μg/mL | [98] |
Seed | Ethanol | A2780 | IC50 49 μg/mL | [51] |
Seed | Ethyl acetate | MCF-7 | Dose-dependent cell death | [94] |
Seed | Methanol | HCT-116 | IC50 1.24 µg/mL | [99] |
Leaf | Ethanol | T47D | 69% inhibition | [49] |
Leaf | Methanol | BM-MSCs | Concentration-dependent cytoprotective activity against H2O2-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of rats | [66] |
Leaf | Methanol | HCT-116 | IC50 1.42 µg/mL | [99] |
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Qamar, M.; Akhtar, S.; Ismail, T.; Wahid, M.; Abbas, M.W.; Mubarak, M.S.; Yuan, Y.; Barnard, R.T.; Ziora, Z.M.; Esatbeyoglu, T. Phytochemical Profile, Biological Properties, and Food Applications of the Medicinal Plant Syzygium cumini. Foods 2022, 11, 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030378
Qamar M, Akhtar S, Ismail T, Wahid M, Abbas MW, Mubarak MS, Yuan Y, Barnard RT, Ziora ZM, Esatbeyoglu T. Phytochemical Profile, Biological Properties, and Food Applications of the Medicinal Plant Syzygium cumini. Foods. 2022; 11(3):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030378
Chicago/Turabian StyleQamar, Muhammad, Saeed Akhtar, Tariq Ismail, Muqeet Wahid, Malik Waseem Abbas, Mohammad S. Mubarak, Ye Yuan, Ross T. Barnard, Zyta M. Ziora, and Tuba Esatbeyoglu. 2022. "Phytochemical Profile, Biological Properties, and Food Applications of the Medicinal Plant Syzygium cumini" Foods 11, no. 3: 378. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030378