An Overview of Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Edible Fruits of European and Asian Cornus Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Design
3. Traditional Uses of Cornus Fruits
4. The Main Chemical Constituents of Cornus Fruits
4.1. Flavonoids and Proanthocyanidins
4.2. Lignans
4.3. Tannins
4.4. Acids and Phenolic Acids
4.5. Carotenoids
4.6. Iridoids
4.7. Other Constituents
5. Biological Properties
5.1. Antioxidant Activity
5.2. Antidiabetic and Anti-Obesity Activities
5.3. Hypolipidemic and Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties
5.4. Neuroprotective Effects
5.5. Antimicrobial Activity
5.6. Other Bioactivities
Extracts or Compounds | Country | Effects | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C. mas | ||||
Antioxidant activity | ||||
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Turkey | Antioxidant activity (DPPH assay: IC50 of 1.078 mg/mL) and high inhibition against H2O2 activity (74.35%) | [127] | |
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Greece | Antioxidant activity in FRAP test (83.9 μM AAE/g of DW) and deoxyribose test (98.6%) | [125] | |
Methanol extract of fresh fruits | Iran | Antioxidant activity in FRAP assay (190 μM AAE/g of DW) and DPPH assay (3.95–9.67 mg/mL) | [81] | |
Methanol extract of fresh fruits | Turkey | Antioxidant activity tested with FRAP test (16.21–94.43 μM AAE/g of FW) and DPPH test (IC50 value of 0.29–0.69 mg/mL) | [70] | |
Methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and acetone extracts of fresh fruits | Serbia | Antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50 of 251,86, 518.47, 11.06, 107.99, and 285.98 μg/mL for methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether extracts, respectively) | [128] | |
Antidiabetic and anti-obesity activities | ||||
Hydroalcoholic extract of fresh fruits | Antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic rats by reductions in serum glucose, LDL, TG, and VLDL levels and increase in HDL | [143] | ||
Fresh fruits | Iran | Decrease in body weight and increase in insulin levels | [144,145,146] | |
Hydroalcoholic extract of fresh fruit | Iran | Increase in insulin level, decrease in HgbAIC and TG levels | [147] | |
Aqueous extract of fresh fruits | Slovakia | Reduction in plasma glucose levels | [152] | |
Ethanol extract | Reduction in plasma glucose levels and increase in glucose intolerance | [153] | ||
Cyanidin and delphinidin glucosides | Stimulation of insulin production | [150] | ||
Ursolic acid | Decrease in blood glucose and stimulation of glucose uptake | [151] | ||
Hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic properties | ||||
Dried fruits | Iran | Decrease in serum fibrinogen levels, LDL, MDA, TG, TC, fibrinogen and atherogenic index parameter | [154,155] | |
Fruit extract | Iran | Decrease in body weight, waist circumference, BMI, LDL/HDL ratio, TC/HDL ratio, and fibrinogen, and increase in Apo A1 and HDL levels | [204] | |
Fresh fruits | Poland | Protective effects against diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis through an increase in PPARα protein expression and a significant decrease in serum triglyceride levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, and TNF-α | [68] | |
Fresh fruits | Iran | Decrease in cholesterol, LDL, and cortisol levels; increase in HDL and TG levels | [165] | |
Loganin | Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and deactivation of NF-κB signalling pathway | [157,158] | ||
Cornuside | Dilated vascular smooth muscle through endothelium-dependent nitric oxide signalling | [160] | ||
Cornuside | Anti-inflammatory activity via the inhibition of NF-κB activity | [161] | ||
Loganic acid and cornuside | Increase in PPAR-α levels with reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in cardiovascular diseases | [164] | ||
Neuroprotective effects | ||||
Fresh fruits | Poland | Protection of the brain tissue by reducing the free radical content by increased activity of CAT and PON | [173] | |
Antimicrobial activity | ||||
n-Hexane extract of fresh fruits | Russian | Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [179] | |
Methanol and ethanol extracts of fresh fruits | Poland | Antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli P. aeruginosa | [180] | |
Hydroalcoholic extract of fresh fruits | Serbia | Antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, S. aureus, S. lutea, P. vulgaris, S. sonnei, and S. enteritidis | [49] | |
Cytotoxic activity | ||||
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Iran | Cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, PC-3, SKOV-3 and A549 cells | [186] | |
Hepatoprotective effect | ||||
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Iran | Amelioration of AST, ALT and ALP levels | [188] | |
Renal protective activity | ||||
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Iran | Renal protective effects via improving renal lesions, antioxidant enzymes, creatinine, uric acid and serum urea levels | [189] | |
Cardioprotective and antiplatelet activities | ||||
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Iran | Cardioprotective effects through a reduction in PDW, attenuating myocardial lipid peroxidation level and recovering enzymatic defence system by increasing the levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, and modulating the bioenergetics state of cardiac tissue | [190,192] | |
Loganin | Inhibition of angiotensin II. Cardioprotective effects through a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, suppression of phosphorylation of critical proteins including STAT3, JAK2, IκBα, and p65, and attenuation of cardiac fibrosis | [193,194,195,196,197] | ||
Ophthalmic activity | ||||
Loganic acid | Reduction in nitric oxide with consequent decrease in IOP of the eye, ameliorating glaucoma | [82,198,199] | ||
C. sanguinea | ||||
Antioxidant activity | Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | Turkey | Antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50 of 1.205 mg/mL) and high inhibition against H2O2 activity (69.03%), while in Fe2+ chelating assay showed chelating activity of 51.24% | [127] |
Acidic methanol extract of dried fruits | Iran | Antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50 of 94.83 μg/mL) | [123] | |
Aqueous, methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts of fresh fruits | Serbia | Antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50 of 358.59, 384.45, 537.83, 247.83, and 1202.85 μg/mL for methanol, aqueous, ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether extracts, respectively) | [129] | |
C. officinalis | ||||
Antioxidant activity | ||||
Hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of dried fruits | Korea | Antioxidant activity in DPPH and β-carotene bleaching tests. Protection by ethanol extract of HUVECs from H2O2-initiated cell death | [130] | |
Aqueous extract of fresh fruits | Korea | In diabetic rats, the activities of XO, CAT, and GST were lower than diabetic group | [131] | |
Juice | Turkey | DPPH radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (22.31 μmole trolox equivalent/mL) | [102] | |
Hydroalcoholic extract of fresh fruits | Korea | Antioxidant activity in DPPH test (IC50 of 99.32 μg/mL) and in ABTS test (40.7%), reduction in ferric complex (241.5 mM) | [133] | |
Antidiabetic and anti-obesity activities | ||||
Alcoholic extract of fruits | China | Increase in GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression with an increase in insulin production and accelerated glucose metabolism | [136] | |
Fresh fruits | Japan | Reduction in proteinuria, hyperglycaemia, renal AGE formation, and the expression of related proteins, such as the receptor for AGEs, NF-κB, transforming growth factor-β1, and Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine | [138] | |
Methanol extract of fruits | Increase in cell viability through insulin mimicked activity of PEPCK expression | [140] | ||
Hydroalcoholic extract of fresh fruits | China | Decrease in blood glucose, HDL, LDL, TG, creatinine, and serum albumin levels | [141] | |
Cornusdiglycosides A−J | α-Glucosidase inhibition with IC50 values in the range 78.9–162.2 mM | [114] | ||
Cornusiridoid A−F | α-Glucosidase inhibition | [99] | ||
Total saponin extract | Amelioration of liver and pancreas damage, regulation of insulin receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, glucose transporter 4, and protein kinase B-associated signalling pathways | [142] | ||
Hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic properties | ||||
Fresh fruits | Reduction in serum and hepatic TC levels and SREBP-2. Increase in PPAR-α levels | [167] | ||
Neuroprotective effects | ||||
Aqueous extract of dried fruits | South Korea | Alleviation of oxidative stress, decrease in immobility time in the forced swim test, an increase in serotonin levels and reduction in corticosterone and β-endorphin levels | [170] | |
Decoction of fresh fruits | China | Protective effects against degenerative disease through stimulation of the neurite extension, increasing the percentage of PC12 | [172] | |
Cornel iridoid glycoside | Amelioration of learning and memory impairment by down-regulating the expression of Aβ and full-length amyloid precursor protein, as well as decreasing the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein | [168,169] | ||
Morroniside | Enhanced NGF function and BDNF expression. Promotion of the expression of Wnt7a and inhibition of the APC expression | [176,177,178] | ||
Antimicrobial activity | ||||
Decoction extract of fresh fruits | China | Antibacterial activity against E.coli O157:H7 | [185] | |
Cytotoxic activity | ||||
Decoction extract of fresh fruits | China | Inhibited hepatocellular carcinoma cell and leukemic cell growth | [187] | |
Cardioprotective activity | ||||
Loganin | Cardioprotective effects through a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, the suppression of the phosphorylation of critical proteins including STAT3, JAK2, IκBα, and p65, and the attenuation of cardiac fibrosis | [193,194,195,196,197] | ||
Antiosteoporosis activity | ||||
Extract fruits | Korea | Inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation and RANKL-induced phosphorylation of p38 and c-JUN N-terminal kinase. Suppression of the protein expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 | [200] | |
Morroniside | Increase in type II collagen levels and improvement of proteoglycan levels in cartilage matrix | [201] | ||
Immunomodulatory activity | ||||
Aqueous extract of fresh fruits | Korea | Reduction in the incidence of infections or allergic illnesses through the stimulation of the innate immune system; in particular, decreased production of IL-5, eotaxin, and IgE | [202] | |
Hydroalcoholic extract of dried fruits | China | Improvement of the non-specific immunity, specific humoral immunity and specific cellular immunity | [203] |
6. Toxicity
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Traditional Use | Country | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
C. mas | Immune system strengthening | Serbia | [21] |
Fever | Albania | [22] | |
Iran | [17] | ||
Slovakia | [15] | ||
Romania | [23] | ||
Tuberculosis digestive | Greece | [24] | |
Cholera | Armenia | [25] | |
Measles, chicken pox | Azerbaijan, Russia | [12,14] | |
Vermifuge | Romania | [23] | |
Malaria | Iran | [17] | |
Cancer | Iran | [17] | |
Headache | Croatia | [22] | |
Sore throat | Azerbaijan, Russia | [12,14] | |
Colds and flu | Turkey | [26] | |
Asthmatic problems | Albania | [22] | |
Cough | Turkey | [27] | |
Bronchitis | Turkey | [28] | |
Gastrointestinal disorders and inflammation | Turkey | [18] | |
Greece | [24] | ||
Slovakia | [15] | ||
Albania | [22] | ||
Serbia | [21] | ||
Azerbaijan, Russia | [12,14] | ||
Bowel disease | Iran | [17] | |
Stomach ulcers and colitis | Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Turkey | [12,13,14] | |
Dyspepsia and colitis | Italy | [29] | |
Diarrhoea | Iran | [17] | |
Serbia | [30,31] | ||
Romania | [23] | ||
Azerbaijan | [32] | ||
Bosnia-Herzegovina | [33] | ||
Laxative | Serbia | [30] | |
Turkey | [34] | ||
Urinary inflammation | Iran | [17] | |
Turkey | [26] | ||
Excessive urination | USA | [35] | |
Kidney function | China | [36] | |
Kidney infection | Iran | [17] | |
Kidney stones | Albania | [37] | |
Iran | [17] | ||
Sweating | USA | [35] | |
Wound healing | Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Turkey | [12,13,14] | |
Skin diseases | Greece | [24] | |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | [33] | ||
Sunstroke | Iran | [17] | |
Bruises | Croatia | [22] | |
Anaemia | Kosova | [38] | |
Greece | [24] | ||
Serbia | [21] | ||
Azerbaijan, Russia | [12,14] | ||
Blood circulation | Kosova | [38] | |
Menstrual bleeding | USA | [35] | |
Greece | [24] | ||
Bosnia-Herzegovina | [33] | ||
Kosova | [38] | ||
China | [39] | ||
Rheumatism | Kosova | [38] | |
Albania | [37] | ||
Rickets | Azerbaijan, Russia | [12,14] | |
Gout | Greece | [24] | |
Appetizer | Italy | [40] | |
Obesity | Croatia | [22] | |
Diabetes | Ukraine, Russia | [41] | |
Cosmetics to exert favourable human complexion | Italy | [42] | |
C. sanguinea | Diarrhoea | Turkey | [19] |
Gastrointestinal disorders | Turkey | [20] | |
Stomachaches, sore eyes | Turkey | [20] | |
Sore throats | Turkey | [20] | |
Astringent | Italy | [40] | |
C. officinalis | Dizziness | China | [43] |
Glaucoma | China | [44] | |
Cataract | China | [44] | |
Tinnitus | China | [43,44] | |
Sore throat | China | [44] | |
Astringent | China | [44] | |
Cough | China | [44] | |
Asthmatic problems | China | [44] | |
Strengthening spleen and kidney | China | [44] | |
Excessive urination and polydipsia | China | [9] | |
Chronic nephritis | China | [44] | |
Kidney and liver function, tonic | China | [8] | |
Menstrual bleeding | China | [45] | |
Diabetes | China | [44] | |
Weakness of the waist, knees | China | [43] | |
Arresting seminal emission | China | [44] | |
Impotence | China | [44] | |
Spermatorrhoea | China | [9] | |
Night sweats | China | [44] | |
Threatened abortion | China | [44] | |
C. controversa | Astringent Tonic | Korea and China | [46] |
C. kousa | Diarrhoea Haemostatic agent | Korea Korea | [47] [47] |
Chemical Constituent | C. mas | C. sanguinea | C. officinalis | C. kousa | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flavonoids | |||||
Ampelopsin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | [58] | |||
Aromadendrin | ✓ | [63] | |||
Aromadendrin 7-O-glucoside | ✓ | [50] | |||
4-Acetoxy-5,2′,4′,6′-β-pentahydroxy-3-methoxychalcone | ✓ | [63] | |||
Catechin | ✓ | [49,50] | |||
Epicatechin | ✓ | [49] | |||
Epicatechin 3-O-gallate | ✓ | [60] | |||
7,3′-dihydroxy-5,4′-dimethoxyflavanone | ✓ | [63] | |||
Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucuronide | ✓ | [58] | |||
Isorhamnetin hexoside | ✓ | [57] | |||
Kaempferide | ✓ | [60] | |||
Kaempferol | ✓ | ✓ | [59,62] | ||
Kaempferol 3-O-galactoside | ✓ | ✓ | [50,64] | ||
Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [49,50,59,61,62] | |
Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside | ✓ | [61] | |||
Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside | ✓ | [8] | |||
Myricetin | ✓ | [65] | |||
Myricetin 3-galactoside | ✓ | [66] | |||
Myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside | ✓ | [61] | |||
Myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [58] | |||
Naringenin | ✓ | [59] | |||
Naringenin 3-O-methyl ester | ✓ | [65] | |||
Isoquercitrin | ✓ | [60] | |||
Quercetin | ✓ | ✓ | [59,67] | ||
Quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [20,50,57,58,60,62,64] |
Quercetin 3-O-(6″-acetyl)galactoside (methyl ester) | ✓ | ✓ | [8,57] | ||
Quercetin 3-O-galactopyranoside 4′-O-glucopyranoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [20,49,50,57,58,64] |
Quercetin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [8,50,62] | |
Quercetin 3-O-(6″-acetyl)glucoside | ✓ | [57] | |||
Quercetin 3-O-(6″-acetyl)hexoside | ✓ | [57] | |||
Quercetin 3,4′-di-O-glucoside | ✓ | [58] | |||
Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (querciturone) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [20,49,50,58,60] | |
Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide methyl ester | ✓ | [64] | |||
Quercetin 3-O-(6″-n-butyl glucuronide) | ✓ | [60] | |||
Quercetin-3-O-(6″-malonyl)hexoside 1 and 2 | ✓ | [57] | |||
Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside | ✓ | ✓ | [20,50] | ||
Quercetin 3-O-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-galactopyranoside | ✓ | [64] | |||
Quercetin 3-O-robinobioside | ✓ | [65] | |||
Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [20,49,50,58,64] | |
Quercetin 3-O-xyloside | ✓ | ✓ | [50,57] | ||
Proanthocyanidins | |||||
Epicatechin- 4,8-epicatechin (Procyanidin B2) | ✓ | [49] |
Chemical Constituent | C. mas | C. sanguinea | C. officinalis | C. controversa | C. kousa | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [2,11,50,57,64,66,68,69,70] | |
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [11,50,57,66,68,69,70,71] | |
Cyanidin 3-O-robinobioside | ✓ | [50,66,68,69,70] | ||||
Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside | ✓ | [50,66,68,69,70] | ||||
Delphinidin-3-O-galactoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [2,11,50,64,66,68,69,70] | ||
Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [2,11,57,64,70] | ||
Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside | ✓ | [11] | ||||
Pelargonidin 3-O-galactoside | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [2,11,50,57,64,66,68,69,70] | |
Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | [50,66,68,69,70] | ||||
Pelargonidin 3-O-robinobioside | ✓ | [50,66,68,69,70] | ||||
Pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside | ✓ | [50,66,68,69,70] | ||||
Peonidin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | [50,66,68,69,70] | ||||
Petunidin 3-O-glucoside | ✓ | [66] |
Chemical Constituent | C. officinalis | C. kousa | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
(7S,8R)- Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol | ✓ | ✓ | [51,55] |
(7S,8R)-5-Methoxydihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol | ✓ | [51] | |
(7S,8R)-Urolignoside= (7S,8R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
(7S,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
(7S,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-9′-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
(-)-Balanophonin | ✓ | [56] | |
Cornuskoside A = (7′S, 8′R)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, | ✓ | [56] | |
Officinalignan A = (7S,8R)-4,3′,9′-trihydroxyl-3,3′-dimethoxyl-7,8- dihydrobenzofuran-1′-propylneolignan-9-O-(6-O-galloyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
d-Pinoresinol | ✓ | [51] | |
Medioresinol | ✓ | [51] | |
Syringaresinol | ✓ | [51] | |
(+)-Pinoresinol | ✓ | [55] | |
Pinoresinol O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
Epi-pinoresinol | ✓ | [51] | |
Epi-syringaresinol | ✓ | [51] | |
(+)-Lariciresinol | ✓ | [55,72] | |
(+)-Isolariciresinol | ✓ | [51] | |
Isolariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
Secoisolariciresinol 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | ✓ | [51] | |
Dimethyl 3,3′,4,4′-tetrahydroxy-δ-truxinate | ✓ | [51] | |
Officinalignan B | ✓ | [51] | |
Threo-Guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl aldehyde ether | ✓ | [55] | |
Erythreo-Guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl aldehyde ether | ✓ | [55] |
Chemical Constituent | C. mas | C. sanguinea | C. officinalis | C. kousa | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acids and esters | |||||
2-Butoxybutanedioic acid | ✓ | [64,84] | |||
Citric acid | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [57,65,79,80,86] | |
Fumaric acid | ✓ | ✓ | [57,65,79,80] | ||
Isocitric acid | ✓ | [65,79,80] | |||
Dimethylmalate | ✓ | [64] | |||
Maleic acid | ✓ | [65,79,80] | |||
Malic acid | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [57,64,75] | |
Butyl malic acid | ✓ | [64] | |||
Malonic acid | ✓ | [65,79,80] | |||
Oxalic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [57,65,79,80] | ||
3-Hydroxy-2,4-di-amino-pentanoic acid | ✓ | [64] | |||
Methyl quinate | ✓ | [64] | |||
Quinic acid | ✓ | [65,79,80] | |||
Shikimic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [57,65,79,80] | ||
Succinic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [65,79,80,86] | ||
Tartaric acid | ✓ | ✓ | [64,65,79,80] | ||
Arjunolic acid | ✓ | [47] | |||
Arjunglucoside II | ✓ | [64] | |||
Asiatic acid | ✓ | [47] | |||
19-Hydroxyasiatic acid | ✓ | [47] | |||
Betulinic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [47,64] | ||
Corosolic acid | ✓ | [87] | |||
Maslinic acid | ✓ | [87] | |||
Oleanic acid | ✓ | [88] | |||
Pimaric acid | ✓ | [89] | |||
Tormentic acid | ✓ | [47] | |||
Ursolic acid | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [47,69,90] | |
2α-Hydroxylursolic acid | ✓ | [87] | |||
Phenolic acids and esters | |||||
3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | ✓ | [64] | |||
2-O-(4-Hydroxybenzoyl)-2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl-methylacetate | ✓ | [64] | |||
Caffeic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [64,75] | ||
4-Caffeoylquinic acid | ✓ | [57] | |||
Caffeoyltartaric acid dimethyl ester | ✓ | [85] | |||
Caftaric acid monomethylester | ✓ | [60] | |||
Chlorogenic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [49,52,57,82] | ||
Neochlorogenic acid | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | [49,52,57,71,82,91] | |
p-Hydroxycinnamic acid | ✓ | [64] | |||
Coroffester A-D | ✓ | [92] | |||
p-Coumaric acid | ✓ | ✓ | [64,81] | ||
Ellagic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [49,52,64] | ||
Ferulic acid | ✓ | [53] | |||
Gallic acid | ✓ | [49,52] | |||
Methyl gallate | ✓ | [64] | |||
3,5-Dihydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl) phenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate | ✓ | [8] | |||
Protocatechuic acid | ✓ | ✓ | [64,75] | ||
Rosmarinic acid | ✓ | [75] | |||
Salicylic acid | ✓ | [75] | |||
Sinapic acid | ✓ | [75] | |||
Syringic acid | ✓ | [75] | |||
Vanillic acid | ✓ | [53] |
Chemical Constituent | Other Name | C. officinalis | C. mas | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aglycons | ||||
Dehydro-morroniside aglycone | ✓ | [60,64] | ||
(3S, 4R, 5S, 7S, 8R, 9R) Cornusfural A (with a 5-hydroxymethylfurfural group at C-3) | ✓ | [97] | ||
(3R, 4R, 5S, 7S, 8R, 9R) Cornusfural B (with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural group at C-3) | ✓ | [97] | ||
(1R, 3R, 4R, 5S, 7S, 8S, and 9R). Cornusfural C (with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural group at C-1 and C-3) | ✓ | [97] | ||
Other iridoids | ||||
Catalposide | ✓ | [67] | ||
Cornuside | ✓ | ✓ | [8,52,60,82,98] | |
3′′,5′′-Dehydroxycornuside | ✓ | [99] | ||
Demethoxycornuside | ✓ | [100] | ||
Kingiside | ✓ | [60] | ||
2′-O-p-Coumaroyl-kingiside | ✓ | [51,101] | ||
Loganin | ✓ | ✓ | [8,52,82,98] | |
Loganin acid | ✓ | ✓ | [8,52,82,102] | |
7-O-Methylloganic acid | ✓ | [103] | ||
Loganin-7-O-1′-malate | Logmalicid A | ✓ | [8] | |
Loganin-7-O-4′-malate | Logmalicid B | ✓ | [8] | |
2ʹ-O-p-Coumaroylloganin | ✓ | [51] | ||
8-Epiloganin | ✓ | [104] | ||
Secoxyloganin | ✓ | [8,60] | ||
Secologanoside | ✓ | [60,100] | ||
Secoxyloganin | Loniceroside [105] | ✓ | [100] | |
Sweroside | ✓ | ✓ | [52,82,106] | |
Swertiamarin | ✓ | [107,108] | ||
Verbenalin | Cornin * | ✓ | [64,101] | |
Morronisides | ||||
7-α-Morroniside | ✓ | [105] | ||
7-β-Morroniside | ✓ | [105] | ||
7-α-O-methyl-morroniside | ✓ | [100] | ||
7-β-O-Methyl-morroniside | ✓ | [64,100,105] | ||
7-α-O-Ethyl-morroniside | ✓ | [64] | ||
7-β-O-Ethyl-morroniside | ✓ | [64] | ||
7-O-Butyl-morroniside | ✓ | [64,109] | ||
7-β-O-Dimethyl butanedioate morroniside | ✓ | [85] | ||
7-α-O-Ethyl-4′,6′-O-(2′″hydroxymethylfuran 5″methylidene)-morroniside | Cornusfuroside A | ✓ | [110] | |
7-β-O-Ethyl-4′,6′-O-(2′″hydroxymethylfuran 5″methylidene)-morroniside | Cornusfuroside B (isomer 1″S) | ✓ | [110] | |
7-β-O-Ethyl-4′,6′-O-(2′″hydroxymethylfuran-5″methylidene)-morroniside | Cornusfuroside C(isomer 1″R) | ✓ | [110] | |
7-β-O-(5″Methylfurfural)-4′,6′-O-(2′″hydroxymethylfuran-5″methylidene)-morroniside | Cornusfuroside D(1″R) | ✓ | [110] | |
7-β-O-(5″Methylfurfural)-6′-O-(phenyllactic acid)-morroniside | Cornusphenoside A | ✓ | [111] | |
7-α-O-(5″Methylfurfural)-6′-O-(phenyllactic acid)-morroniside | Cornusphenoside B | ✓ | [111] | |
6′-O-(Phenyllactic acid)-7-β-O-methyl-morroniside | Cornusphenoside C | ✓ | [111] | |
6′-O-(Phenyllactic acid)-7- α-O-methyl-morroniside | Cornusphenoside D | ✓ | [111] | |
7-β-O-(p-Hydroxyphenyl) propyl-1- α-morroniside | Cornusphenoside E | ✓ | [112] | |
7-β-O-(p-Hydroxyphenyl) ethyl- morroniside | Cornusphenoside F | ✓ | [112] | |
7-α-O-(p-Hydroxyphenyl) ethyl-morroniside | Cornusphenoside G | ✓ | [112] | |
7- β-O-(2′Hydroxymethyl-5′methylfuran)-morroniside | Cornusphenoside H | ✓ | [112] | |
7-β-O-(5′Methylfurfural)-morroniside | Cornusphenoside I | ✓ | [112] | |
Morronisides glycosides | ||||
Methylquinate(1′-O-7-α)-morroniside | Cornusglucoside A | ✓ | [113] | |
Glycerol-(1′-O-7-α)-morroniside | Cornusglucoside B | ✓ | [113] | |
Diglycosides | ||||
β-D-Fructofuranosyl-(6″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside A | ✓ | [114] | |
β-D-Fructofuranosyl-(6″-O-7-α) morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside B | ✓ | [114] | |
β-D-Fructofuranosyl-(1″-O-7-α) morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside C | ✓ | [114] | |
α-D-Fructofuranosyl-(6″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside D | ✓ | [114] | |
(6′-O-2″)- Fructopyranosyl-7α-O-methylmorroniside | Cornusdiglycoside E | ✓ | [114] | |
(6′-O-2″)- Fructopyranosyl-7β-O-methylmorroniside | Cornusdiglycoside F | ✓ | [114] | |
α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1″-O-7-α)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside G | ✓ | [114] | |
α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside H | ✓ | [114] | |
α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(2″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside I | ✓ | [114] | |
β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(2″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside I | ✓ | [114] | |
α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(6″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside J | ✓ | [114] | |
β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(6″-O-7-β)-morroniside | Cornusdiglycoside J | ✓ | [114] | |
Dimers (morroniside-morroniside) | ||||
7β-O-Methylmorroniside-(6′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | Cornuside J | ✓ | [104] | |
7β-O-Methylmorroniside-(6′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside A | ✓ | [104] | |
7α-O-Methylmorroniside-(6′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside E | ✓ | [104] | |
7α-O-Methylmorroniside-(6′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | Cornuside G | ✓ | [104] | |
7β-O-Methylmorroniside-(2′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | Cornuside I | ✓ | [104] | |
7β-O-Methylmorroniside-(2′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside B | ✓ | [104] | |
7α-O-Methylmorroniside-(2′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | Cornuside H | ✓ | [104] | |
7β-O-Methylmorroniside-(3′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside C | ✓ | [104] | |
7α-O-Methylmorroniside-(3′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside F | ✓ | [104] | |
7β-O-Methylmorroniside-(4′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside D | ✓ | [104] | |
7α-O-Ethylmorroniside-(6′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside K | ✓ | [104] | |
7β-O-Ethylmorroniside-(6′-O-7′′)-β-morroniside | Williamsoside D | ✓ | [104] | |
Dimers (cornuside-morroniside) | ||||
Cornuside-(2′-O- 7′′′)-β-morroniside | Cornusdiridoid A | ✓ | [99] | |
Cornuside-(2′-O-7′′′)-α-morroniside | Cornusdiridoid B | ✓ | [99] | |
Cornuside-(3′-O-7′′′)-α-morroniside | Cornusdiridoid C | ✓ | [99] | |
Cornuside-(4′-O-7′′′)-α-morroniside | Cornusdiridoid D | ✓ | [99] | |
Cornuside-(6-O-7′′′)-β-morroniside | Cornusdiridoid E | ✓ | [99] | |
Cornuside-(6′-O-7′′′)-α-morroniside | Cornusdiridoid F | ✓ | [99] | |
Dimers (loganin-morroniside) | ||||
Loganin-(6′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | Cornuside L | ✓ | [104] | |
Loganin-(2′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | Cornuside M | ✓ | [104] | |
Loganin-(4′-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside N | ✓ | [104] | |
Loganin-(4′-O-7″)-α-morroniside | ✓ | [51,105] | ||
Loganin-(7-O-7″)-β-morroniside | Cornuside O | ✓ | [104] | |
Monoterpene indol alkaloid from C. officinalis | ||||
3β(R)-Vincosamide | ✓ | [99] | ||
7-epi-Javaniside | ✓ | [99] | ||
Javaniside | ✓ | [99] |
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Tenuta, M.C.; Deguin, B.; Loizzo, M.R.; Cuyamendous, C.; Bonesi, M.; Sicari, V.; Trabalzini, L.; Mitaine-Offer, A.-C.; Xiao, J.; Tundis, R. An Overview of Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Edible Fruits of European and Asian Cornus Species. Foods 2022, 11, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091240
Tenuta MC, Deguin B, Loizzo MR, Cuyamendous C, Bonesi M, Sicari V, Trabalzini L, Mitaine-Offer A-C, Xiao J, Tundis R. An Overview of Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Edible Fruits of European and Asian Cornus Species. Foods. 2022; 11(9):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091240
Chicago/Turabian StyleTenuta, Maria C., Brigitte Deguin, Monica R. Loizzo, Claire Cuyamendous, Marco Bonesi, Vincenzo Sicari, Lorenza Trabalzini, Anne-Claire Mitaine-Offer, Jianbo Xiao, and Rosa Tundis. 2022. "An Overview of Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Compositions and Biological Activities of Edible Fruits of European and Asian Cornus Species" Foods 11, no. 9: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091240