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Article

Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments

by
Byong-Sun Choi
1,†,
Dong-Uk Lee
2,†,
Woo-Seong Kim
3,
Chan-Woong Park
3,
Won-Jo Choe
4,* and
Myung-Jun Moon
1,*
1
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
2
Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeongcheon 38822, Republic of Korea
3
Center of Food & Drug Analysis, Busan Regional Office of Food and Drug Safety, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Busan 47537, Republic of Korea
4
Pesticides & Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Foods 2023, 12(16), 3001; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163001
Submission received: 26 June 2023 / Revised: 6 August 2023 / Accepted: 8 August 2023 / Published: 9 August 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues in Foods and Dietary Risk Assessment)
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Abstract

:
The development of efficient methods for evaluating pesticide residues is essential in order to ensure the safety and quality of agricultural products since the Republic of Korea implemented the Positive List System (PLS). The objective of this research was to establish a method for the simultaneous analysis of 322 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables (such as coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper), using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach in combination with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). This study introduces a robust, high-throughput GC-MS/MS method for screening the target pesticide residues in agricultural products, achieving the PLS criterion of 0.01 mg/kg LOQ. Despite some compounds not aligning with the CODEX recovery guideline, sufficient reproducibility was confirmed, attesting to the method’s applicability in qualitative analyses. A health risk assessment conducted using estimated daily intake/acceptable daily intake ratios indicated low risks associated with product consumption (<0.035391%), thereby confirming their safety. This efficient method holds significant implications for the safe distribution of agricultural products, including during import inspections.

1. Introduction

Pesticides are essential substances in agriculture that protect crops against harmful insects to maximize yields and enhance the quality of agricultural products. Despite the apparent benefits of pesticides, their indiscriminate use causes problems because residues in agricultural products can have adverse effects on human health and cause environmental pollution [1,2,3]. The agricultural products in each country are cultivated according to the individual conditions in that country, and the type of pesticide used varies according to the environment and the type of pest emerging during the cultivation period [4,5]. Hence, each country defines their own maximum residue limits (MRLs) for agricultural products to ensure efficient and rigorous pesticide management and control, to guarantee the safety of domestic and imported agricultural products, and to conduct continuous monitoring of the agricultural products being distributed [6,7]. In addition, consumers often base decisions regarding the purchase of agricultural products on health and safety concerns; therefore, restricting the use of pesticides on agricultural products and analyzing for pesticide residues are important.
Pesticide residue analyses are broadly classified into individual methods and multiclass multiresidue methods (MRMs) based on the purpose of the analysis [8,9]. Individual methods are highly reliable because the analysis is optimized for individual compounds; however, these methods are less frequently applied for pesticide residue analysis, owing to the time and cost required for detecting multiple pesticides [10,11]. In contrast, MRMs aim to analyze different classes of pesticides in a single analysis, which is conducive for the rapid processing of a large number of agricultural products [8,12]. Based on this efficiency, MRMs are mainly used in the routine monitoring of various pesticide residues and are widely used worldwide for the safety management of pesticide residues [13,14].
In the field of multi-pesticide residue analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques are acceptable. Especially, GC-MS or GC-tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) offers high sensitivity and selectivity, a broad analytical spectrum, quantitative accuracy, exceptional resolution, and fast measurement speed, as well as high-quality identification of various substances. However, a highly suitable sample preparation approach such as quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) has been recognized and is required before instrumental analysis [15,16,17]. In contrast to the long extraction times required when using organic solvents to extract pesticides from different samples, the analysis time and processing steps are minimized in QuEChERS, which still exhibits high recoveries of 60–120% for various nonpolar and polar pesticides [18,19,20]. Since its adoption as an Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method in 2003, the recently improved QuEChERS method has been approved as an official method of analysis in a number of European countries (EN 15662 method) (Figure 1) [21].
Several previous studies have developed MRMs using the QuEChERS method to analyze various pesticides [22,23,24]; however, for such MRMs to be utilized in the Republic of Korea, these methods must be validated for foods frequently consumed by Koreans [25,26,27,28,29]. In 2019, the government of the Republic of Korea introduced the Positive List System (PLS), which applies a uniform MRL criterion (0.01 mg/kg) to all imported agricultural products for which a specific MRL has not been established in Korea. Moreover, mandatory testing of pesticide residues on imported agricultural products has been instituted. Nevertheless, numerous pesticides still lack established analytical standards from the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (Figure 2 and Table S1).
This study undertook the challenge of simultaneously screening 322 pesticides (359 compounds in total, including isomers and metabolites) that are predominantly used in Korean agriculture. The screening was conducted using GC-MS/MS and validated on four types of agricultural products that are heavily imported and frequently consumed in the Republic of Korea: coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper [28,29,30,31]. Given the dietary habits of Koreans, these agricultural products are particularly suitable for a study aimed at minimizing the health risks posed by residual pesticides. The Limit of Quantification (LOQ) of the method satisfied the PLS criterion of 0.01 mg/kg, and the linearity, accuracy, and precision of the method were verified. Therefore, the findings of this study could significantly contribute to the development of screening standards and safety management, and aid in food safety management in Korea.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Chemicals and Reagents

The standard materials of 322 pesticides (359 compounds in total, including isomers and metabolites) used in the analysis were purchased from AccuStandard (New Haven, CT, USA), Chemservice (West Chester, PA, USA), Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany), Wako (Osaka, Japan), Fluka (Udligenswil, Switzerland), Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). The acetonitrile (ACN) and acetone used in the extraction and purification processes were high-purity GC- or pesticide residue-grade solvents purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The solid-phase extraction (SPE) kit, used in this study, was purchased from Applied Separation (Hamilton, PA, USA). Polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters (PTFE, 0.2 μm) and EN QuEChERS salts (QuEChERS EN 15662 Method Extraction Kits) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).

2.2. Standard Solutions

The 322 standard pesticide solutions (1000 mg/L) were separately prepared in 20 mL of acetone. The commercial standard solutions were also purchased and kept at −18 °C until use. The working standard solution comprised a mixture of each standard stock solution diluted to a set certain concentration with acetone in a brown bottle and stored at 4 °C. The working solution was diluted before use in each analysis.

2.3. Analysis by GC–Triple Quadrupole MS/MS

The GC system used for the simultaneous analysis of the pesticide residues was a GC-2010 (Shimadzu, Japan) with a split/splitless injector (SSI) and MS/MS systems (TQ8040, Shimadzu, Japan). The column used to separate the pesticide compounds was a DB-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The GC was operated in splitless mode to analyze the 322 pesticide compounds in a 2 μL injection. To ensure the efficient separation of the compounds on the GC column, the initial oven temperature was set at 70 °C, which was maintained for 1 min at 0.8 mL/min of the He carrier gas. The temperature was then increased at a constant rate to a final temperature of 300 °C, which enabled the separation of 322 pesticides within 40 min. The detailed measurement conditions are shown in Table 1.
After separating the compounds on the capillary column, they were ionized using positive mode electron ionization (EI) at 70 eV, which is commonly used in pesticide residue analysis. The conditions were as follows: source temperature, 200 °C; transfer line temperature, 250 °C; manifold temperature, 40 °C; and detector voltage, 1400 V. The compounds were detected using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with a solvent delay of 3 min to protect the detector by allowing the solvent to pass through. The He carrier gas and Ar collision cell gas both had a purity of ≥99.999%.
Table 2 presents the optimal MRM conditions for the 322 pesticide compounds (Figure S2). To establish the optimal MRM analysis conditions, the 322 pesticides were thoroughly mixed and prepared to a 5 mg/L working standard solution. The solution was injected into the device in full scan mode (Figure 3), and the total ion chromatogram (TIC), mass spectrum, and retention time were obtained for each pesticide. Since the molecular masses of all 322 pesticide compounds were ≤500, the full scan range was set at 50–500 m/z, and each spectrum was compared with that of known pesticide compounds in the NIST library to confirm the similarity and verify an accuracy of the qualitative information for each pesticide.
From the full scan spectrum, a representative ion was selected as the precursor ion based on the molecular structure and unique mass fragments of each pesticide compound. The precursor ions that passed through the first quadrupole analyzer were reionized at 5–50 eV in the collision cell, and the resulting product ions passed through the second quadrupole analyzer to obtain the ion chromatogram of the individual mass fragments (Figure 3). At least two product ions were selected for each pesticide compound by comparing and considering the peak shapes and sensitivities, and then selecting suitable ion signals and collision energies. The confirmation criteria for the pesticide compounds were as follows: two or more product ions had to be detected and the height ratio of each ion had to match that in the reference spectrum. For quantification, the chromatographic area ratio of the product ions was compared to that in the standard.
In quadrupole MS analyses, several ions can simultaneously reach the detector within a short time to produce ambiguous peak shapes, resulting in reduced sensitivity. To prevent this problem, the dwell time of the MRM ions was set within a range of 0.15–0.29 s and the scan speed was set to 0.2–0.82 s/scan.

2.4. Sample Preparation and Extraction

Figure 4 shows a sample preparation process. After homogenizing the samples using a large-volume grinder, 10 g of chili pepper and potato samples and 5 g of low-water-content coffee and corn samples (purchased from local supermarkets) were accurately weighed. The low-water-content samples were mixed with 10 mL of distilled water and the mixtures were left to stand for 30 min for moistening before extraction. For pretreatment, the EN15662 QuEChERS method, including pH control, was applied [32]. The prepared sample was placed in a 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube to which 10 mL of ACN was added as an organic solvent. The sample underwent vigorous vortex mixing for 1 min to ensure that the solvent and the sample were adequately mixed. The EN kit (MgSO4, 4 g; NaCl, 1 g; sodium hydrogen citrate sesquihydrate, 0.5 g; and sodium citrate dihydrate, 1 g) was added to the tube and after 1 min of vigorous shaking, the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min (4000× g at 4 °C). During this process, the water and organic solvent (ACN) layers clearly separated and the pesticide compounds remaining in the sample were mostly transferred to the organic solvent layer. The pesticides and the water in the sample mixed with the ACN, and the powerful dehydration capabilities of the MgSO4 and NaCl forcefully separated the water from the organic solvent. The centrifugation process considerably reduced the time required to separate the water and organic solvent layers.
To a 2 mL centrifuge tube containing 150 mg of MgSO4 and 25 mg of a primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbent, 1 mL of the supernatant obtained in the extraction process was added and the lid was closed for 1 min of vigorous shaking. Next, the mixture was centrifuged for 15 min (4000× g at 4 °C) to ensure the adequate separation of the layers. The supernatant was passed through a membrane filter (PTFE, 0.2 μm), and the final extract was transferred to a brown vial for analysis [32].

2.5. Method Validation

The method for the simultaneous analysis of 322 pesticides was validated according to the CODEX guidelines for pesticide residue analysis (CAC/GL40) and the Guideline of Standard Procedures of Test Methods for Foods and Other Substances (April, 2016) published by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS, Republic of Korea) [33]. The method developed in this study was validated for linearity, LOQ, recovery, and reproducibility.
The linearity was determined via serial dilution of a working standard solution containing a mixture of the 322 pesticides to 5, 10, 50, 100, and 200 ng mL−1 to obtain a calibration curve for each compound. The LOQ was determined by diluting the working standard solution with purified extracts of the coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper samples, which were selected as representative agricultural products for the validation. On the resulting chromatograms, the concentration of the standard solution with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 10 was determined and verified [34]. For the recovery and reproducibility, the coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper samples were spiked with various concentrations of the working standard solution (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L) and left to stand for 30 min to allow the pesticide compounds to adequately mix with the sample. The spiked samples were then extracted and analyzed using the method developed in this study. The percentage recovery (%) was determined by comparing the experimentally determined concentration with the added amount of pesticide. To verify the reproducibility, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the recoveries was calculated from five repeated measurements per concentration.
Matrix Effects (ME) are defined by the CODEX as influences on the measured concentration or the amount of the target analyte due to other components within the sample. The extent of the ME, determined by contrasting the response of the analyte in a pure standard solution with its response in a sample extract, can differ significantly (Figure S1). The ME is evaluated by comparing the slope of the calibration curves for the standards in the solvents against the standards prepared in the ME. The ME is calculated using Equation (1): [35].
Matrix   effects   ME = Slope   of   calibration   curve   in   matrix Slope   of   calibration   curve   in   solvent − 1 × 100 %
If the ME exhibits a suppression or enhancement of 0–20%, it is referred to as a Soft Matrix Effect, which is generally negligible and does not significantly impact the analysis. However, if the suppression or enhancement is between 20 and 50%, the ME is considered Medium, which may influence the analysis. In cases where the suppression or enhancement exceeds 50%, the ME is classified as Strong [36]. In such instances, it is necessary to implement measures to mitigate the ME’s impact on the analysis. One recommended approach is to use matrix-matched calibration, which involves the preparation of calibration standards in untreated or non-detect samples following the same pretreatment process. This helps in reducing the analytical error due to the ME when the sample extract and matrix-matched standard are injected into the instrument for analysis. Another potential approach to tackle a Strong ME could be sample dilution. The ME % values are presented in Tables S2–S5.

2.6. Monitoring Using the Multiresidue Method for Pesticide Residue Analysis

The field applicability of the MRMs developed in this study was verified by determining the current state of pesticide residues in selected agricultural products distributed in the Republic of Korea. Samples were collected from three cities in the Republic of Korea: Busan, Ulsan, and Gimhae. The agricultural products selected for the monitoring were those commonly available at markets and frequently consumed by Koreans [24]. A total of 135 samples were purchased and tested. To collect accurate data and assess the pesticide exposure of the national population from the consumption of agricultural products, the selected samples were agricultural products from the final stage before consumption, such as those available at major supermarkets or wholesale markets, rather than those from the production stage, because the goal was to examine agricultural products right after purchase and before consumption. Table 3 presents the type and number of the sampled agricultural products.
Based on the type of agricultural product, 1 kg of fresh product or 0.3 kg of dried product was purchased to ensure that a representative amount of each sample was collected, as per the Korean Food Code requirements [24]. The collected samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory and the entire amount was homogenized in a large-volume grinder and pretreated according to the method developed in this study. Excess samples remaining after the experiments were divided among the sealed containers and stored in a freezer (−18 °C) to prevent the partial degradation of the pesticides by light or temperature in case reanalysis was required.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Analytical Method Validation

3.1.1. Linearity

To determine the linearity of the 322 pesticide compounds, the working standard solutions were prepared at five concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L) in the LOQ range of 0.005–0.2 mg/L and injected into the device for analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2) was ≥0.98 in all cases, indicating a high level of linearity and confirming that the method was suitable for quantitative analyses. Table S6 presents the correlation coefficients for the four agricultural products.

3.1.2. Recovery

To determine the recovery, the analysis was repeated five times at each spiking level for each target sample. The number of pesticides within the mean recovery range of 60–120% was 349 out of 359 for coffee, 348 for potato, 339 for corn, and 346 for chili pepper. The standard deviation (SD) of the repeated recovery tests was mostly within 30%, which satisfied the CODEX requirement for pesticide residue analysis (Table 4 and Figures S3–S6). The primary aim of this study was the development of a high-throughput screening tool capable of rapidly detecting a broad spectrum of pesticides. Achieving an RSD of 15% or less is indeed desirable, yet not consistently feasible given the intrinsic variability of the matrices and the multitude of target compounds. Despite certain constraints, this methodology, with its capacity for swift screening of a wide array of pesticides across diverse commodities, carries significant practical implications. Thus, it needs refinement and optimization with a specific focus on commodities such as coffee and chili pepper in subsequent research endeavors.

3.1.3. Limit of Quantification

Among the target pesticides in this study, certain compounds did not have an established MRL for specific agricultural products. Thus, to develop a method that can detect pesticides at a level of ≤0.01 mg/kg, which is the PLS criterion of non-detection required for pesticides, 0.01 mg/kg extracts of coffee, potato, corn, and chili pepper samples were prepared using the pretreatment method developed in this study. A S/N ratio of ≥10 was obtained for all 322 pesticides in the four samples. This confirms that the developed method is suitable for determining if a given agricultural product is in compliance with the ≤0.01 mg/kg MRL required by the PLS. Figure S2 shows chromatograms for GC-MS/MS pesticides.
Based on the results, the MRM developed in this study was confirmed to comply with the international standard and enables the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analyses of pesticide compounds using a single pretreatment process. Certain compounds were not within the guideline recovery range; however, a certain level of reproducibility was maintained at a low LOQ of ≤0.01 mg/kg. This indicates that, although the method may not be suitable for the quantitative analyses of these compounds, it can be used for qualitative analyses to confirm the presence of pesticide residues in food products.

3.2. Pesticide Residue Concentration in Agricultural Products

To investigate the current state of pesticide residues in commercially available agricultural products, ten products that are frequently consumed in high amounts (chili pepper, carrot, garlic stem, mango, wheat, banana, almond, cabbage, coffee, and pineapple) were purchased from major supermarkets or wholesale markets in regions of the Republic of Korea, including Busan, Gimhae, and Yangsan. The amount of each product that was purchased was determined based on the level of consumption by the national population. Consequently, the highest number of samples taken was for bananas (24 samples) and the lowest number was for garlic stems (seven samples). A total of 135 samples of agricultural products were collected; the number of samples per agricultural product and the detection results are shown in Table 5.
In the 135 samples of ten types of agricultural products, three pesticides were detected: chlorpyrifos, fludioxonil, and prochloraz, and an exposure assessment was conducted. The daily intake was estimated based on the amount of pesticide detected and the corresponding consumption of the agricultural product. Table 6 shows the estimated daily intake (EDI) against the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (EDI/ADI %), which is calculated using the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1). Considering Korean dietary habits, the EDI of pesticides was calculated according to pesticide intake amount (mg) per kg of body weight.
The exposure assessments on the three pesticides, chlorpyrifos, fludioxonil, and prochloraz, revealed that the values of the EDI against the ADI (EDI/ADI) were 0.002995%, 0.000187% (Mango), 0.000062% (Pineapple), and 0.035391%, respectively. This indicated that the health risk from consuming the residual pesticides on the collected agricultural products was considerably low and would further decrease during processes such as washing and cooking [37,38].

4. Conclusions

The proposed GC-MS/MS, combined with the QuEChERS method, has been successfully employed for the simultaneous multi-pesticide residue analysis in Korean agricultural products. This methodology demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity with satisfying the PLS criterion of 0.01 mg/kg for the LOQ. Moreover, the EDI and ADI were also calculated to facilitate the assessment of potential health risks (EDI/ADI) posed by the analyzed products. The findings of this research establish the comprehensive screening standard method for various pesticides and advances food safety management. Further studies expanding to other types of pesticides in various agricultural products will be essential for improving food safety measurement and public health in Korea.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/foods12163001/s1.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.-S.C.; methodology, W.-J.C., W.-S.K. and C.-W.P.; software, W.-J.C., W.-S.K. and C.-W.P.; validation, B.-S.C. and D.-U.L.; formal analysis, W.-J.C., W.-S.K. and C.-W.P.; investigation, B.-S.C.; resources, W.-J.C., W.-S.K. and C.-W.P.; data curation, B.-S.C. and D.-U.L.; writing—original draft preparation, B.-S.C. and D.-U.L.; writing—review and editing, D.-U.L. and M.-J.M.; visualization, B.-S.C. and D.-U.L.; supervision, M.-J.M.; project administration, B.-S.C. and M.-J.M.; funding acquisition, B.-S.C. and M.-J.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

All available data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Foods 12 03001 g001
Figure 1. Procedure of types of QuEChERS methods.
Figure 1. Procedure of types of QuEChERS methods.
Foods 12 03001 g001
Foods 12 03001 g002
Figure 2. Analytical method for MRMs of the Korean Food Standards Codex.
Figure 2. Analytical method for MRMs of the Korean Food Standards Codex.
Foods 12 03001 g002
Foods 12 03001 g003
Figure 3. Procedure of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). A, B, and C are representing qualitative ion 2, qualitative ion 1, and quantitative ion, respectively.
Figure 3. Procedure of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). A, B, and C are representing qualitative ion 2, qualitative ion 1, and quantitative ion, respectively.
Foods 12 03001 g003
Foods 12 03001 g004
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of sample preparation.
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of sample preparation.
Foods 12 03001 g004
Table 1. Instrumental conditions for the analyses of pesticides.
Table 1. Instrumental conditions for the analyses of pesticides.
InstrumentGC-2010 GC body with
AOC-20i plus autoinjector (Shimadzu, Japan)
Injection vol., mode2 μL, split/splitless
ColumnHP-5 ms, 30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 μm
(Agilent US)
Carrier GasHelium (0.8 mL/min)
Column ovenRate (°C/min)Temp (°C)Hold (min)Total (min)
Initial7033
2018008.5
53007.540
ScanMRM mode
Source Temp.: 200 °C; Detector Temp. (transfer line): 250 °C
Table 2. GC-MS/MS parameters for the analysis of 322 pesticides.
Table 2. GC-MS/MS parameters for the analysis of 322 pesticides.
No.PesticidesRT
(min)		MRM Transitions
Quantitative IonCE
(eV)		Qualitative Ion 1CE
(eV)		Qualitative Ion 2CE
(eV)
12,6-Diisoporpylnaphthalene9.665197 > 15512212 > 19715212 > 15524
2Acetochlor12.088223 > 14710223 > 13220146 > 13120
3Acibenzola_s_methyl12.318182 > 15230182 > 13520182 > 10735
4Acrinathrin_123.502208 > 1815208 > 15230181 > 15240
Acrinathrin_223.93208 > 1815208 > 15230181 > 15240
5Alachlor12.402188 > 16010188 > 13220188 > 13120
6Aldrin13.491263 > 19333263 > 19139293 > 18639
7Allethrin-115.017123 > 819123 > 7915136 > 9314
Allethrin-215.161123 > 819123 > 7915136 > 9314
8Allidochlor5.087138 > 96696 > 569138 > 819
9Ametryn12.405227 > 17012227 > 1856227 > 5814
10Anilofos22.092226 > 15715226 > 1849154 > 11827
11Aramit-117.238175 > 13515175 > 10725N.D.
Aramit-217.604175 > 13515175 > 10725N.D.
12Aspon13.618211 > 11515211 > 9727253 > 11521
13Atrazine9.915215 > 5815215 > 1739200 > 12212
14Azaconazole17.301217 > 17321173 > 14518217 > 14530
15Azinphos-ethyl23.858160 > 1326132 > 7715160 > 7724
16Azinphos-methyl22.618160 > 1325160 > 7720132 > 7715
17Benalaxyl19.319148 > 10518148 > 7730148 > 7924
18Benodanil18.589231 > 20315323 > 23115231 > 7636
19Benoxacor11.467120 > 9320120 > 7720120 > 6520
20Benzoylprop_ethyl21.015105 > 7715105 > 5127292 > 1059
21BHC_alpha9.353181 > 14515219 > 1839181 > 10930
BHC_beta10.06181 > 14515219 > 18312181 > 10930
BHC_delta10.921181 > 14515219 > 18312181 > 10930
BHC_gamma10.252181 > 14515219 > 18312181 > 10930
22Bifenox22.007341 > 31010341 > 28112N.D.
23Bifenthrin21.574181 > 16615181 > 16530181 > 17912
24Bromacil13.053207 > 19015205 > 18815205 > 16215
25Bromobutide11.958119 > 9112119 > 6527103 > 7715
26Bromophos-ethyl15.768359 > 30315303 > 28515242 > 9730
27Bromophos-methyl14.304331 > 31615125 > 796331 > 28627
28Bromopropylate21.378183 > 15515341 > 18315341 > 18520
29Bupirimate17.397273 > 1938273 > 1508N.D.
30Butachlor16.186176 > 14715176 > 13415176 > 15815
31Butafenacil25.678331 > 18018180 > 12421180 > 15210
32Butralin14.295266 > 22012266 > 17427266 > 19018
33Butylate6.153156 > 5712146 > 909146 > 5712
34Cadusafos9.077159 > 1319159 > 9721125 > 979
35Captan15.07149 > 7020151 > 805151 > 7915
36Carbophenothion19.226121 > 6515157 > 12127157 > 4518
37Chinomethionat15.532206 > 14815234 > 2069234 > 14827
38Chlorbenside15.42125 > 9920125 > 8920125 > 6340
39Chlorbufam9.83153 > 12515153 > 9024N.D.
40Chlordane_116.117373 > 26418373 > 26630237 > 16536
Chlordane_215.604373 > 26418373 > 26630237 > 16536
41Chlorethoxyfos8.252153 > 9712125 > 979153 > 1256
42Chlorfenapyr17.835137 > 10215137 > 7530247 > 17715
43Chlorfenson16.363175 > 11112302 > 1759302 > 11124
44Chlorfluazuron16.377321 > 30421323 > 30633N.D.
45Chlorflurenol_methyl15.533215 > 15227152 > 15124215 > 18715
46Chlornitrofen19.112317 > 28710317 > 23610317 > 19630
47Chlorobenzilate18.014251 > 13910251 > 11140139 > 11110
48Chloroneb6.935206 > 19112206 > 14121193 > 11318
49Chloropropylate18.014139 > 11112251 > 11126139 > 7526
50Chloroxuron12.566245 > 18210245 > 15425245 > 11125
51Chlorpropham8.546213 > 17110213 > 1275127 > 10015
52Chlorpyrifos13.738197 > 16915199 > 17115314 > 25818
53Chlorpyrifos-methyl12.158286 > 9324125 > 796286 > 27115
54Chlorthal-dimethyl13.895301 > 22321332 > 30115301 > 27314
55Chlorthalonil11.05266 > 23120266 > 16830266 > 13340
56Chlorthion14.062125 > 799109 > 7912297 > 10915
57Chlorthiophos_118.647325 > 26915325 > 3246269 > 17721
Chlorthiophos_218.647325 > 26915269 > 20518325 > 20530
58Chlozolinate14.974187 > 12421331 > 2596187 > 15912
59Cinidone_ethyl31.596358 > 33010330 > 30225330 > 22235
60Cinmethylin12.538105 > 7718123 > 819105 > 7912
61Clomazon10.035204 > 10725125 > 9925125 > 8925
62Clomeporp22.119148 > 1205288 > 12025288 > 16910
63Coumaphos25.193362 > 10920226 > 16310210 > 1825
64Crotoxyphos15.422193 > 12720166 > 1275127 > 10920
65Cyanazine13.717225 > 18915225 > 17215172 > 9415
66Cyanophos10.365109 > 799125 > 799243 > 1099
67Cycloate8.483 > 559154 > 839154 > 5524
68Cyflufenamid17.76891 > 6515118 > 9012118 > 8927
69Cyfluthrin-125.995163 > 1279163 > 9121226 > 1999
Cyfluthrin-226.178163 > 1279163 > 9121226 > 1999
Cyfluthrin-326.324163 > 1279163 > 9121226 > 1999
Cyfluthrin-426.404163 > 1279163 > 9121226 > 1999
70Cyhalofop-butyl23.058256 > 12010229 > 10915120 > 9115
71Cyhalothrin-123.129208 > 1818197 > 1416197 > 1616
Cyhalothrin-223.504208 > 1818197 > 1416197 > 1616
72Cypermethrin-126.58163 > 1276181 > 15227181 > 12727
Cypermethrin-226.773163 > 1276181 > 15227181 > 12727
Cypermethrin-326.914163 > 1276181 > 15227181 > 12727
Cypermethrin-426.987163 > 1276181 > 15227181 > 12727
73Cyprazine11.836227 > 21210212 > 17010212 > 10925
74Cyproconazole-117.615139 > 11118139 > 7527N.D.
Cyproconazole-217.615139 > 11118222 > 12527139 > 7527
75Cyprodinil14.554224 > 20818224 > 11836210 > 9315
76DDD_pp18.312235 > 16521235 > 19921235 > 16336
DDE_pp16.88246 > 17630318 > 24818318 > 24633
DDT_op18.422235 > 16527235 > 19915237 > 16524
DDT_pp19.599235 > 16518235 > 19912237 > 16527
77Deltamethrin-129.329181 > 15224253 > 9324253 > 1729
Deltamethrin-229.719181 > 15224253 > 9324253 > 1729
78Demeton_O8.157171 > 11510115 > 971088 > 605
79Demeton_S9.605170 > 114588 > 605N.D.
80Demeton_S_methylsulfone12.742169 > 1255169 > 10910N.D.
81Desmetryn11.73213 > 5812213 > 1716198 > 10812
82Diafor24.099208 > 8925173 > 10410N.D.
83Diallate-19.177234 > 15021128 > 866234 > 19215
Diallate-29.41234 > 15021234 > 19215128 > 866
84Diazinon10.708137 > 8415137 > 5427179 > 13718
85Dichlofenthion11.865279 > 22315223 > 20515223 > 15921
86Dichlofluanid13.294123 > 7718224 > 12320224 > 7740
87Dichlormid5.591172 > 1089172 > 5618172 > 969
88Dichlorvos4.796109 > 799185 > 9315185 > 6324
89Diclobutrazole17.235272 > 16110270 > 2015270 > 15910
90Diclofop_methyl20.224340 > 25315253 > 16220340 > 28115
91Dicloran9.644206 > 17615176 > 14812206 > 12427
92Dicofol13.792139 > 11118139 > 7530250 > 13915
93Dieldrin16.896263 > 19327279 > 24315263 > 20321
94Diethatyl-ethyl16.463188 > 1609188 > 13121188 > 13033
95Diethofencarb13.532124 > 969151 > 12312151 > 7724
96Difenoconazole-129.057323 > 26515323 > 20235265 > 20220
Difenoconazole-229.183323 > 26515323 > 20235265 > 20220
97Diflufenican20.35394 > 26618266 > 24615266 > 18321
98Dimepiperate15.181119 > 9112103 > 7712145 > 6918
99Dimethachlor11.891134 > 10515134 > 7730197 > 1489
100Dimethametryn14.8212 > 12215212 > 14215255 > 21220
101Dimethenamid11.93230 > 15412154 > 11112203 > 12621
102Dimethoate9.669143 > 11110125 > 795125 > 4720
103Dimethylvinphos-(E)13.231295 > 10912297 > 10921N.D.
Dimethylvinphos-(Z)13.682295 > 10912297 > 10921N.D.
104Diniconazole18.194268 > 23215268 > 13633232 > 15021
105Dinitramine10.922261 > 19524261 > 2416305 > 23012
106Dioxathion10.25125 > 97997 > 651897 > 7915
107Diphenamid14.334167 > 15218167 > 16530152 > 15121
108Diphenylamine8.24169 > 6621169 > 7730169 > 14127
109Dithiopyr12.948354 > 28615354 > 30612306 > 2869
110Edifenphos19.364173 > 10912109 > 6518109 > 6927
111Endosulfan_alphs16.012195 > 15912195 > 16015195 > 12527
112Endosulfan_beta17.957195 > 1596195 > 1609195 > 12527
Endosulfan_sulfate19.436272 > 16536237 > 11618N.D.
113Endrin17.633263 > 19127263 > 19330263 > 22821
114EPN21.405169 > 1419169 > 7727157 > 11015
115Epoxiconazole20.688192 > 13812192 > 11121192 > 10230
116EPTC5.561128 > 866189 > 1286189 > 8612
117Esprocarb13.157222 > 911591 > 6518222 > 1516
118Etaconazole_118.221173 > 14518173 > 10927245 > 5515
Etaconazole_218.35173 > 14515173 > 10927245 > 5515
119Ethalfluralin8.657276 > 20218276 > 10530316 > 2766
120Ethion18.543231 > 12924153 > 9712231 > 17515
121Ethofumesate13.133161 > 10512161 > 1336286 > 2079
122Ethoprophos8.372200 > 1586158 > 9715158 > 1149
123Ethychlozate14.838165 > 10220165 > 11125165 > 13820
124Etofenprox27.124163 > 13512163 > 10721135 > 10710
125Etoxazole21.853141 > 11315141 > 6324300 > 27021
126Etridiazole6.442211 > 14024211 > 18312N.D.
127Etrimfos11.163181 > 15312181 > 5624292 > 18115
128Fenamidone21.879238 > 10327268 > 18024238 > 9128
129Fenamiphos16.42303 > 28810303 > 26015303 > 19510
130Fenarimol23.564139 > 11115139 > 7530107 > 799
131Fenazaquin21.934145 > 11712160 > 1459145 > 9130
132Fenbuconazole25.872198 > 1299129 > 10215129 > 7818
133Fenchlorphos12.616285 > 27015125 > 796285 > 9327
134Fenclorim9.332224 > 18915224 > 10435189 > 10420
135Fenfuram10.89201 > 10925109 > 5320N.D.
136Fenitrothion13.034125 > 799277 > 10921260 > 12512
137Fenobucarb8.042121 > 7721150 > 1219121 > 10315
138Fenothiocarb15.856161 > 7210161 > 5516N.D.
139Fenoxanil17.851189 > 12515189 > 15412189 > 10933
140Fenoxycarb21.409255 > 18610186 > 1585186 > 10912
141Fenpropathrin21.76997 > 559181 > 15224265 > 21012
142Fenson14.086141 > 779141 > 513099 > 7312
143Fenthion13.666278 > 10921278 > 16915278 > 12521
144Fenvalerate-128.316167 > 12515225 > 11918225 > 1479
Fenvalerate-228.709167 > 12515225 > 11918225 > 1479
145Fipronil15.17367 > 21327351 > 25518367 > 25421
146Flamprop-isopropyl18.329105 > 7715105 > 5127276 > 10512
147Flonicamid7.892174 > 14615174 > 12625N.D.
148Fluazifop_butyl17.819282 > 23820282 > 9120N.D.
149Fluchloralin10.797306 > 2649326 > 6312306 > 16027
150Flucythrinate_127.017199 > 15710199 > 10735157 > 10720
Flucythrinate_227.395199 > 15710199 > 10735157 > 10720
151Fludioxonil16.81248 > 18215248 > 15415248 > 12735
152Flufenpyr_ethyl18.185408 > 34515373 > 34510321 > 28615
153Flumetralin16.212143 > 10727143 > 10821157 > 12915
154Flumiclorac_pentyl30.025318 > 26015318 > 10735308 > 28010
155Flumioxazine28.346354 > 32610354 > 17615287 > 25915
156Fluopyram15.15173 > 14518173 > 9530145 > 9512
157Fluorodifen16.536190 > 1466190 > 1269190 > 7521
158Flurochloridone14.113311 > 17420311 > 10320187 > 15915
159Flusilazole17.272233 > 16518233 > 15218233 > 9121
160Flutamone22.537333 > 12015199 > 15720N.D.
161Fluthiacet_methyl31.849405 > 5615403 > 8410403 > 5615
162Flutianil27.765231 > 2165231 > 20015200 > 19910
163Flutolanil16.576173 > 14515281 > 1739173 > 9530
164Flutriafol16.248123 > 9515123 > 7527219 > 12315
165Fluvalinate-128.736250 > 5515250 > 20015252 > 5520
Fluvalinate-228.861250 > 5515250 > 20015252 > 5520
166Folpet15.293104 > 7615260 > 13018262 > 13018
167Fonofos10.481137 > 1099109 > 819109 > 6512
168Formothion11.474224 > 19610224 > 12515125 > 7915
169Fosthiazate-114.287195 > 1039195 > 6030139 > 7514
Fosthiazate-214.374195 > 1039195 > 6030139 > 7514
170Fthalide14.202272 > 24320272 > 21540243 > 21520
171Furathiocarb22.528163 > 10715163 > 1356194 > 16112
172Halfenprox26.656263 > 11524263 > 11712263 > 12939
173Heptachlor12.394100 > 6515272 > 23712274 > 23916
174Heptachlor-epoxide14.807353 > 26314353 > 28212353 > 31710
175Heptenophos7.686124 > 8915124 > 633089 > 6321
176Hexachlorbenzene9.57284 > 24924284 > 21427249 > 21415
177Hexaconazole16.50383 > 829214 > 15918214 > 15230
178Imazalil16.643215 > 1739173 > 10930N.D.
179Indanofan21.915174 > 1599159 > 10315159 > 7730
180Indoxacarb29.706203 > 13412203 > 10621264 > 17614
181Iprobenfos11.345204 > 91991 > 6521204 > 12133
182Iprodione21.068187 > 12424314 > 5624314 > 24515
183Iprovalicarb-117.096134 > 4220119 > 9115116 > 985
Iprovalicarb-217.445134 > 4220119 > 9115116 > 985
184Isazofos11.107161 > 1199119 > 7624161 > 1469
185Isofenphos15.139213 > 12118213 > 1856213 > 6533
186Isofenphos-methyl14.62199 > 12115121 > 6518199 > 9327
187Isopropalin14.56280 > 2389280 > 16521280 > 18012
188Isoprothiolane16.705162 > 1349162 > 8521118 > 9015
189Isotianil19.626180 > 9115297 > 18020297 > 2625
190Isoxadifen-ethyl19.112222 > 20420222 > 17820204 > 17620
191Isoxanthion17.581177 > 13012177 > 11612N.D.
192Kresoxim-methyl17.453116 > 8915206 > 13115206 > 1166
193Lactofen23.617223 > 13224344 > 22327344 > 17930
194Leptophos22.716377 > 36224377 > 26936375 > 36024
195Malathion13.398127 > 999173 > 9915173 > 1276
196Mecarbam15.18897 > 6518131 > 7418131 > 8615
197Mefenacet23.003192 > 13620192 > 10930N.D.
198Mefenpyr-diethyl20.909253 > 18921253 > 19012299 > 25324
199Mepronil18.782119 > 9115119 > 6535N.D.
200Metazachlor14.749209 > 13310277 > 13310277 > 20910
201Metconazole21.914125 > 8927125 > 6327138 > 6912
202Methidathion15.66145 > 8518145 > 5821125 > 799
203Methoprotryne17.303256 > 21215256 > 17027256 > 15821
204Methoxychlor21.644227 > 16930227 > 14136227 > 21214
205Methyltrithion17.888125 > 7915157 > 12127157 > 7536
206Metolachlor13.582162 > 13315238 > 16215162 > 13224
207Metrafenone24.211393 > 36224377 > 34730377 > 36212
208Metribuzin11.909198 > 8218198 > 8915198 > 11010
209MGK-264_114.251164 > 9315164 > 9818164 > 8030
MGK-264_214.632164 > 9815164 > 679164 > 8027
210Mirex22.904272 > 23715272 > 14340272 > 11940
211Molinate7.283126 > 5515187 > 1266N.D.
212Monolinuron9.947214 > 6110126 > 9910N.D.
213Myclobutanil17.147179 > 12515179 > 9030150 > 12318
214Napropamide16.451128 > 726100 > 726128 > 10012
215Nitrapyrin6.44194 > 13318194 > 11230194 > 15824
216Nitrothal-isopropyl14.015236 > 1949236 > 14818254 > 21210
217Nonachlor_cis18.419409 > 30030409 > 10924409 > 30227
218Nonachlor_trans16.287409 > 30021409 > 26330407 > 30024
219Norflurazon19.496303 > 14520303 > 17315303 > 10230
220Nuarimol20.076139 > 11115235 > 13918139 > 7527
221Ofurace19.132232 > 15818132 > 11715232 > 18612
222Oxadiazon17.077258 > 17510258 > 14715258 > 11235
223Oxadixyl18.471163 > 1329132 > 11718163 > 11727
224Oxyflofen17.273361 > 3175361 > 3005N.D.
225Paclobutrazole15.823236 > 12512125 > 8927236 > 10324
226Parathion-ethyl13.76291 > 10921139 > 1096291 > 8124
227Parathion-methyl12.149263 > 10918263 > 13715263 > 2466
228Pebulate6.428128 > 579128 > 726161 > 1286
229Penconazole14.84159 > 12318248 > 15724159 > 8930
230Pendimethalin14.812252 > 16212252 > 16121162 > 1479
231Penflufen18.919274 > 14115141 > 8420141 > 6020
232Pentachlorobezonitrile10.449275 > 24010275 > 20535N.D.
233Penthiopyrad18.517177 > 10120177 > 14925177 > 7525
234Pentoxazon22.677285 > 7015287 > 7010187 > 13110
235Permethrin-124.821183 > 15318183 > 16812183 > 16514
Permethrin-225.071183 > 15318183 > 16812183 > 16514
236Perthane17.768223 > 19340223 > 17930223 > 16530
237Phenothrin22.481123 > 815183 > 11540183 > 16815
238Phenthoate15.234274 > 12115274 > 12518274 > 2469
239Phorate9.194260 > 7510231 > 12925121 > 6510
240Phosalone22.638182 > 11118182 > 7530121 > 6512
241Phosmet(PMP)21.257160 > 7724160 > 13315160 > 10518
242Phosphamidone11.869127 > 1090127 > 950264 > 1270
243Picolinafen21.521376 > 23830238 > 14518376 > 2396
244Picoxystrobin16.495145 > 10224145 > 11515335 > 17312
245Piperonyl butoxide20.486176 > 13115176 > 14515176 > 11725
246Piperophos21.614320 > 12212140 > 9815140 > 8118
247Pirimiphos-ethyl14.502318 > 16618318 > 18215333 > 16821
248Pirimiphos-methyl13.11290 > 12521290 > 23312290 > 15121
249Pretilachlor16.887238 > 16215238 > 14615162 > 14710
250Primicarb11.492238 > 16610166 > 9610166 > 7130
251Probenazole10.227159 > 13010130 > 10318130 > 7730
252Prochloraz25.306180 > 13812180 > 6918308 > 7018
253Procymidone15.40696 > 67996 > 5318283 > 969
254Profenofos16.761339 > 26918208 > 9921339 > 18830
255Profluralin10.415318 > 19915318 > 5518330 > 6921
256Prometon9.776210 > 1689168 > 1269210 > 11215
257Prometryn12.526241 > 22615241 > 19910241 > 18415
258Pronamide10.435173 > 14515173 > 10927145 > 10915
259Propachlor8.133120 > 7721176 > 579120 > 5127
260Propanil11.803217 > 16115161 > 12615161 > 9935
261Propazine10.039214 > 17212172 > 6921172 > 9415
262Propetamphos10.353138 > 1109138 > 6418194 > 1669
263Propham6.374119 > 9112119 > 642491 > 6412
264Propiconazole-119.485259 > 19110259 > 17320259 > 6930
Propiconazole-219.706259 > 19110259 > 17320259 > 6930
265Propisochlor12.533162 > 12015132 > 11712162 > 9130
266Prothiophos16.66267 > 2399309 > 23915267 > 20530
267Pyracabolid14.215125 > 1075125 > 9710125 > 5515
268Pyraclofos24.093194 > 13821194 > 13915360 > 19412
269Pyrazophos23.888221 > 1939232 > 2049221 > 17721
270Pyridaben25.015147 > 11721147 > 13215147 > 11910
271Pyridalyl27.252204 > 17610204 > 14820204 > 14630
272Pyridaphenthion21.221340 > 19915340 > 10920199 > 9210
273Pyrifenox 114.947171 > 10024171 > 13612262 > 9124
Pyrifenox 215.828171 > 10027171 > 13612262 > 9121
274Pyrimidifen27.977184 > 16915184 > 15715186 > 17120
275Pyriminobac-methyl(E)19.936302 > 25621302 > 23018330 > 25410
276Quinalphos15.209146 > 1189146 > 9127157 > 12915
277Quinoxyfen19.373237 > 20827272 > 23718237 > 18139
278Quintozene10.393295 > 23716265 > 23710295 > 26512
279Sectumeton10.886169 > 1549196 > 859196 > 5727
280Silafluofen27.439286 > 25810286 > 17910286 > 16525
281Simeconazole12.259121 > 10115121 > 7524195 > 7518
282Simetryn12.244213 > 1985213 > 18510213 > 17010
283Spiromesifen21.038272 > 20920272 > 25415N.D.
284Spiroxamine 212.103100 > 729100 > 5812100 > 9914
284Spiroxamine_112.972100 > 729100 > 5812100 > 9914
285Sulfotep9.042238 > 14615322 > 14627322 > 2029
286Sulprofos18.918156 > 14118322 > 15612322 > 13915
287TCMTB16.255180 > 13615238 > 1805180 > 10930
288Tebuconazole20.057125 > 8918250 > 12524125 > 9024
289Tebufenpyrad21.873333 > 17118171 > 8821333 > 2769
290Tebupirimfos11.317261 > 13715234 > 11012234 > 12612
291Tefluthrin11.026177 > 12718197 > 14112177 > 13716
292Terbacil10.869161 > 14415161 > 8824N.D.
293Terbufos10.375231 > 12927231 > 17512231 > 2039
294Terbumeton10.081169 > 1549169 > 11215169 > 6930
295Terbuthylazine10.336214 > 7115214 > 10421214 > 13215
296Terbutryn12.938241 > 17015226 > 13615226 > 9615
297Tetrachlorvinphos16.033329 > 10921109 > 799331 > 10921
298Tetraconazole14.023336 > 15627336 > 20433336 > 18324
299Tetradifon22.284111 > 7515159 > 13112159 > 11121
300Tetramethrin-121.301164 > 10715164 > 7727123 > 819
Tetramethrin-221.548164 > 10712164 > 7727123 > 819
301Tetrasul18.685324 > 25418324 > 25233252 > 18230
302Thiazopyr13.689327 > 27727327 > 29221327 > 25236
303Thifluzamide17.427166 > 12515449 > 42921447 > 42721
304Thiometon9.48125 > 4714125 > 7910125 > 638
305Thionazin8.033143 > 7910143 > 5235N.D.
306Tolclofos_methyl12.305265 > 25015265 > 9327265 > 22021
307Tolfenpyrad30.404383 > 17130383 > 1815385 > 17335
308Tolylfluanid14.99137 > 9118238 > 13712137 > 6530
309Tralomethrin-129.326181 > 15227253 > 9321253 > 1749
Tralomethrin-229.718181 > 15227253 > 9321253 > 1749
310Triadimefon13.834208 > 18112208 > 12715208 > 11124
311Triadimenol15.209168 > 7012112 > 589128 > 6522
312Triallate11.119268 > 22615268 > 18430143 > 8315
313Triazophos18.978161 > 1349161 > 10615257 > 1629
314Tribufos16.89169 > 579202 > 1479202 > 11321
315Tridiphane12.588187 > 15920187 > 12335173 > 14520
316Triflumizole15.541206 > 17918278 > 736206 > 14424
317Triflumuron6.4139 > 11118139 > 7527N.D.
318Trifluralin8.866306 > 2649264 > 16018264 > 2069
319Uniconazole16.852234 > 1659234 > 10230234 > 13724
320Vernlolate6.296128 > 866161 > 16012161 > 1289
321Vinclozoline12.141198 > 14518212 > 17215198 > 10927
322Zoxamide15.344187 > 15915187 > 12327242 > 18621
RT: Retention Time; N.D.: Not Detected; CE: Collision Energy.
Table 3. Collected samples.
Table 3. Collected samples.
Agricultural ProductNumber of Samples
Chili pepper21
Carrot17
Stem of garlic7
Mango10
Wheat14
Banana24
Almond10
Cabbage10
Coffee bean12
Pineapple10
Table 4. Average recovery (Ave., %) and SD (%) for the GC-MS/MS method applied to the studied samples (n = 5) at spiked level (0.01 mg/kg).
Table 4. Average recovery (Ave., %) and SD (%) for the GC-MS/MS method applied to the studied samples (n = 5) at spiked level (0.01 mg/kg).
CoffeePotatoMaizeChili Pepper
CompoundAve.
(%)		SDAve.
(%)		SDAve.
(%)		SDAve.
(%)		SD
2,6-Diisoporpylnaphthalene69.18.672.42.465.32.074.51.7
Acetochlor75.95.174.34.876.63.079.91.6
Acibenzola_s_methyl92.412.366.41.673.81.783.711.9
Acrinathrin_186.53.877.64.073.05.195.74.1
Acrinathrin_281.53.777.28.176.17.8102.38.1
Alachlor79.25.873.72.176.03.084.90.5
Aldrin65.27.663.81.054.91.876.74.0
Allethrin-160.516.686.15.978.01.165.610.8
Allethrin-283.810.077.35.472.84.175.39.5
Allidochlor72.34.261.25.061.41.470.16.6
Ametryn78.89.772.43.770.92.384.84.8
Anilofos76.25.970.73.274.22.7103.610.1
Aramit-192.73.089.19.366.53.484.25.2
Aramit-266.41.473.92.477.10.9102.87.4
Aspon77.78.473.12.673.22.587.76.9
Atrazine73.58.769.72.370.61.670.97.0
Azaconazole76.59.270.72.168.33.479.32.9
Azinphos-ethyl75.64.772.64.874.56.3104.59.3
Azinphos-methyl93.53.467.86.470.53.997.611.8
Benalaxyl82.67.877.41.774.53.084.84.7
Benodanil84.79.672.73.471.25.098.94.9
Benoxacor125.656.070.72.373.92.284.53.4
Benzoylprop_ethyl82.96.576.92.275.01.785.14.7
BHC_alpha69.55.667.72.566.62.579.34.6
BHC_beta71.66.070.11.368.42.181.12.0
BHC_delta69.86.270.22.768.82.780.65.5
BHC_gamma71.94.967.92.066.62.575.71.6
Bifenox86.63.661.53.670.14.6104.08.7
Bifenthrin77.58.676.52.568.41.788.04.6
Bromacil74.411.375.11.777.12.582.41.1
Bromobutide81.56.972.82.973.53.781.14.4
Bromophos-ethyl74.79.470.63.068.52.283.88.5
Bromophos-methyl76.47.471.64.571.22.884.61.2
Bromopropylate80.17.476.74.072.61.789.96.7
Bupirimate81.75.671.63.675.93.890.15.2
Butachlor83.910.677.01.374.25.590.21.9
Butafenacil82.54.876.95.470.72.299.68.0
Butralin84.27.471.42.474.54.479.22.6
Butylate69.05.358.61.460.71.761.72.0
Cadusafos77.74.072.03.673.22.782.83.0
Captan79.83.278.17.472.91.455.139.0
Carbophenothion78.511.671.63.067.33.591.74.2
Chinomethionat71.37.668.72.565.53.264.66.6
Chlorbenside70.211.464.55.259.64.497.27.3
Chlorbufam69.08.371.94.374.40.886.72.2
Chlordane_173.511.171.71.562.31.179.35.3
Chlordane_270.111.468.01.265.83.079.211.9
Chlorethoxyfos72.73.967.92.668.42.179.22.2
Chlorfenapyr75.84.273.04.672.45.086.61.0
Chlorfenson77.19.172.93.070.42.375.910.7
Chlorfluazuron26.412.176.211.970.08.763.57.9
Chlorflurenol_methyl80.47.370.62.672.42.781.81.4
Chlornitrofen87.55.769.14.167.67.386.84.7
Chlorobenzilate82.97.072.52.969.64.191.96.2
Chloroneb72.66.067.82.466.01.175.63.0
Chloropropylate80.28.271.53.170.13.988.34.0
Chloroxuron65.54.770.53.367.13.584.03.0
Chlorpropham74.87.876.01.974.11.878.16.6
Chlorpyrifos82.26.374.83.472.52.883.72.1
Chlorpyrifos-methyl76.46.771.21.673.41.082.51.2
Chlorthal-dimethyl83.66.476.33.475.41.581.94.0
Chlorthalonil77.211.483.12.273.911.428.036.4
Chlorthion83.15.866.84.371.54.286.06.3
Chlorthiophos_174.29.572.12.672.32.887.74.6
Chlorthiophos_274.79.273.42.671.62.186.63.8
Chlozolinate80.56.872.12.671.03.979.67.4
Cinidone_ethyl84.08.379.33.978.35.593.88.5
Cinmethylin83.28.382.33.477.03.491.52.4
Clomazon79.48.272.53.872.71.777.82.3
Clomeporp82.63.471.61.673.82.892.35.6
Coumaphos75.14.872.94.172.82.899.68.0
Crotoxyphos80.28.572.55.672.84.178.74.3
Cyanazine79.48.972.83.174.23.089.26.9
Cyanophos79.34.672.63.373.82.691.32.9
Cycloate72.45.267.52.268.22.576.72.7
Cyflufenamid82.68.976.43.775.95.088.21.1
Cyfluthrin-176.27.378.64.569.11.389.14.5
Cyfluthrin-278.56.578.24.372.22.091.43.8
Cyfluthrin-377.07.778.22.772.92.995.810.0
Cyfluthrin-480.36.777.44.469.72.596.22.2
Cyhalofop-butyl79.65.977.92.975.91.788.24.4
Cyhalothrin-182.04.778.43.571.62.989.76.1
Cyhalothrin-286.31.774.52.571.64.092.79.7
Cypermethrin-179.97.380.14.466.92.492.76.3
Cypermethrin-280.46.979.43.968.73.898.26.7
Cypermethrin-382.12.879.34.967.72.291.57.2
Cypermethrin-481.67.175.92.767.64.299.59.6
Cyprazine79.86.672.32.271.34.991.78.0
Cyproconazole-179.38.272.42.970.54.788.07.4
Cyproconazole-279.27.271.81.969.65.784.86.3
Cyprodinil79.68.473.32.573.13.288.54.5
DDD_pp72.37.767.62.665.52.182.82.5
DDE_pp62.38.869.32.859.82.387.55.9
DDT_op65.28.968.51.959.52.574.44.5
DDT_pp66.88.570.21.961.41.483.03.7
Deltamethrin-1116.46.467.66.157.45.288.030.7
Deltamethrin-280.36.377.44.472.53.995.77.2
Demeton_O76.34.253.88.061.32.064.77.8
Demeton_S71.97.749.85.464.24.767.013.5
Demeton_S_methylsulfone23.820.06.84.04.53.20.40.3
Desmetryn76.55.969.32.572.53.982.20.4
Diafor78.81.975.25.175.04.3104.48.4
Diallate-174.08.268.52.771.62.481.44.1
Diallate-271.77.368.93.868.41.585.01.1
Diazinon74.67.574.61.672.63.179.22.6
Dichlofenthion75.35.671.63.970.61.784.54.7
Dichlofluanid80.57.578.64.173.12.960.89.3
Dichlormid74.47.461.53.765.00.863.63.4
Dichlorvos62.79.462.17.452.81.049.22.1
Diclobutrazole83.76.469.83.271.05.567.914.5
Diclofop_methyl79.18.678.22.277.21.085.94.1
Dicloran73.06.068.83.272.53.688.00.5
Dicofol73.88.071.12.567.02.291.72.5
Dieldrin73.65.768.26.165.53.673.41.9
Diethatyl-ethyl83.58.973.82.672.87.086.06.6
Diethofencarb79.49.375.12.572.03.291.24.2
Difenoconazole-180.75.672.83.472.62.0115.720.1
Difenoconazole-277.74.871.92.572.91.3113.420.1
Diflufenican80.76.675.91.775.01.687.52.4
Dimepiperate77.68.372.01.973.24.086.07.3
Dimethachlor78.26.373.83.273.82.885.13.0
Dimethametryn79.58.972.32.972.42.082.04.3
Dimethenamid79.67.473.22.774.92.181.92.9
Dimethoate78.17.669.24.392.837.992.013.8
Dimethylvinphos-(E)79.46.070.03.872.52.889.81.5
Dimethylvinphos-(Z)79.65.670.73.774.44.384.35.7
Diniconazole78.64.770.22.971.35.696.513.5
Dinitramine79.06.066.42.272.32.483.79.2
Dioxathion80.46.273.62.975.32.593.25.5
Diphenamid79.87.772.82.873.61.685.45.6
Diphenylamine75.85.968.43.169.82.166.41.4
Dithiopyr82.07.873.92.077.21.985.62.8
Edifenphos73.75.674.63.674.43.787.33.1
Endosulfan_alphs213.126.469.52.166.47.295.42.9
Endosulfan_beta77.79.367.05.363.54.176.95.1
Endosulfan_sulfate73.28.766.26.661.36.186.112.3
Endrin75.86.970.11.862.14.584.43.2
EPN81.16.469.81.674.23.997.98.4
Epoxiconazole79.76.670.92.571.23.599.17.1
EPTC67.05.552.61.856.81.656.82.5
Esprocarb77.89.271.03.170.82.981.73.1
Etaconazole_184.67.276.05.075.73.997.110.0
Etaconazole_279.16.375.82.475.51.486.13.7
Ethalfluralin77.92.472.71.976.93.489.13.4
Ethion82.07.871.42.572.86.082.74.0
Ethofumesate87.09.570.12.673.74.294.33.6
Ethoprophos77.06.970.93.673.33.085.35.2
Ethychlozate83.911.072.04.268.34.277.67.1
Etofenprox72.67.579.52.869.71.585.14.9
Etoxazole114.214.774.92.676.52.094.56.6
Etridiazole71.84.860.02.361.81.564.90.9
Etrimfos75.18.173.53.275.61.787.92.6
Fenamidone82.25.670.60.772.12.8100.66.2
Fenamiphos80.012.768.65.171.111.783.73.7
Fenarimol78.84.676.03.772.45.089.25.8
Fenazaquin69.37.174.32.671.82.383.44.1
Fenbuconazole76.25.872.52.570.32.077.75.9
Fenchlorphos75.35.771.22.470.40.781.84.9
Fenclorim74.98.871.12.469.02.578.82.8
Fenfuram79.87.269.51.875.01.85.62.3
Fenitrothion110.35.569.14.577.718.687.22.7
Fenobucarb75.95.971.13.370.92.281.53.2
Fenothiocarb78.96.673.91.069.52.780.86.6
Fenoxanil82.08.075.51.676.52.884.99.2
Fenoxycarb57.69.770.11.671.812.453.42.7
Fenpropathrin82.77.777.52.776.20.8112.35.3
Fenson75.57.268.82.768.71.280.63.7
Fenthion80.57.967.92.672.82.183.56.1
Fenvalerate-175.18.176.62.973.71.193.46.6
Fenvalerate-283.08.477.04.368.43.399.48.3
Fipronil84.15.272.35.575.73.198.38.7
Flamprop-isopropyl86.17.175.82.974.23.382.13.9
Flonicamid55.821.854.46.134.412.113.57.2
Fluazifop_butyl81.69.273.22.973.72.668.314.8
Fluchloralin77.83.765.63.974.35.789.72.8
Flucythrinate_180.95.677.13.871.32.4102.77.1
Flucythrinate_281.65.076.13.474.81.3101.57.2
Fludioxonil83.411.071.34.672.72.2113.77.0
Flufenpyr_ethyl77.98.875.43.672.55.692.59.3
Flumetralin86.96.474.52.570.99.373.310.1
Flumiclorac_pentyl77.98.878.93.978.32.1100.410.4
Flumioxazine87.95.171.62.075.93.4113.47.1
Fluopyram82.110.075.03.774.62.989.18.7
Fluorodifen84.28.762.02.271.89.280.32.6
Flurochloridone80.78.868.93.069.63.395.14.2
Flusilazole79.67.868.04.973.04.4118.95.1
Flutamone82.64.876.23.573.93.497.47.0
Fluthiacet_methyl87.210.283.51.383.96.7101.010.1
Flutianil86.11.675.82.774.71.295.25.0
Flutolanil78.69.174.43.769.61.211.71.7
Flutriafol88.917.369.42.668.010.979.94.0
Fluvalinate-180.17.078.64.873.92.3104.810.5
Fluvalinate-282.76.279.03.872.72.5104.011.0
Folpet79.88.574.12.874.12.666.51.1
Fonofos76.16.870.93.772.51.983.84.5
Formothion76.412.962.32.869.37.878.69.5
Fosthiazate-180.57.467.76.870.35.094.55.3
Fosthiazate-276.19.669.66.571.03.590.67.3
Fthalide77.87.671.02.770.22.378.62.2
Furathiocarb81.93.375.53.871.42.797.110.3
Halfenprox76.07.476.14.460.65.790.84.6
Heptachlor67.65.567.83.161.91.478.22.8
Heptachlor-epoxide64.48.669.93.165.81.978.211.6
Heptenophos76.46.072.93.272.62.377.72.8
Hexachlorbenzene62.810.767.91.657.32.871.45.7
Hexaconazole74.15.872.03.572.95.978.44.4
Imazalil32.628.466.71.656.37.983.23.3
Indanofan80.16.672.44.971.53.983.35.4
Indoxacarb82.62.880.42.976.80.377.93.0
Iprobenfos79.54.170.53.375.43.194.78.4
Iprodione77.58.877.53.775.74.484.04.5
Iprovalicarb-180.78.074.63.471.25.082.55.4
Iprovalicarb-279.99.672.13.472.46.383.94.8
Isazofos80.26.772.62.274.42.086.84.2
Isofenphos82.36.772.83.574.72.086.64.9
Isofenphos-methyl82.17.072.03.473.13.691.16.6
Isopropalin79.16.469.83.272.95.083.05.5
Isoprothiolane81.56.173.22.573.02.283.44.3
Isotianil86.48.576.31.872.42.189.33.9
Isoxadifen-ethyl82.47.870.82.774.24.287.48.1
Isoxanthion83.99.567.03.175.38.985.32.3
Kresoxim-methyl83.39.174.12.573.32.791.47.6
Lactofen85.32.274.72.774.38.7115.515.8
Leptophos67.99.173.42.666.61.786.35.6
Malathion82.011.372.54.274.84.785.62.3
Mecarbam84.36.069.92.368.52.589.24.5
Mefenacet77.17.575.73.273.82.791.64.6
Mefenpyr-diethyl82.06.173.93.575.31.790.65.5
Mepronil82.010.074.12.673.04.081.05.3
Metazachlor84.68.073.22.974.71.783.36.9
Metconazole78.75.373.91.973.42.995.09.0
Methidathion80.67.571.03.375.93.790.73.8
Methoprotryne80.49.471.22.971.83.969.85.7
Methoxychlor71.97.668.12.368.71.688.16.1
Methyltrithion82.39.369.75.171.53.379.04.2
Metolachlor78.67.070.73.173.12.182.23.6
Metrafenone74.97.975.04.473.80.587.17.2
Metribuzin77.14.068.42.472.83.886.95.2
MGK-264_178.67.176.12.576.34.586.55.4
MGK-264_280.19.571.63.074.72.080.74.4
Mirex53.69.670.01.248.73.077.74.4
Molinate71.86.676.73.166.41.869.92.3
Monolinuron69.82.568.22.972.63.283.84.4
Myclobutanil79.99.671.92.670.84.497.89.4
Napropamide84.513.372.63.775.14.785.32.2
Nitrapyrin71.82.859.72.260.71.165.41.5
Nitrothal-isopropyl85.53.165.83.874.06.889.36.4
Nonachlor_cis66.39.846.44.859.73.277.34.8
Nonachlor_trans61.711.147.94.758.12.881.83.8
Norflurazon82.47.974.93.473.62.883.63.2
Nuarimol80.07.875.91.971.42.791.110.1
Ofurace77.27.373.61.473.74.087.35.4
Oxadiazon79.38.875.13.075.71.596.66.7
Oxadixyl56.622.361.56.926.98.580.13.3
Oxyflofen86.93.772.52.673.711.467.914.5
Paclobutrazole81.28.469.53.372.25.293.88.2
Parathion-ethyl85.64.867.74.274.16.089.06.2
Parathion-methyl79.72.170.13.776.43.287.22.0
Pebulate68.66.161.72.063.71.566.22.2
Penconazole83.28.370.73.073.52.483.31.2
Pendimethalin80.65.367.14.376.45.490.37.9
Penflufen82.37.166.42.976.33.188.33.9
Pentachlorobezonitrile79.41.772.03.569.22.876.25.2
Penthiopyrad81.48.976.72.875.74.51.60.6
Pentoxazon78.05.974.82.674.31.687.15.6
Permethrin-171.98.880.93.071.02.083.74.5
Permethrin-2130.38.577.92.267.74.586.85.8
Perthane69.67.867.82.366.91.882.34.5
Phenothrin97.57.881.04.866.93.496.113.3
Phenthoate80.87.272.52.476.53.583.64.6
Phorate75.25.263.51.670.13.179.35.7
Phosalone76.77.573.33.772.33.3105.912.1
Phosmet(PMP)83.67.371.93.973.83.998.89.6
Phosphamidone85.117.358.811.649.611.843.429.2
Picolinafen80.76.972.93.276.21.491.75.2
Picoxystrobin85.78.574.23.273.05.363.13.0
Piperonyl butoxide79.98.976.22.474.92.0102.58.4
Piperophos80.96.069.42.373.84.1119.115.3
Pirimiphos-ethyl78.110.269.11.674.02.388.27.6
Pirimiphos-methyl82.77.370.82.171.37.080.211.1
Pretilachlor81.28.674.73.975.81.482.83.5
Primicarb78.26.668.73.571.72.280.71.8
Probenazole83.37.478.14.979.53.571.211.8
Prochloraz75.97.072.63.568.62.270.79.8
Procymidone83.68.075.02.775.42.787.74.4
Profenofos74.18.670.11.375.92.877.32.6
Profluralin81.41.371.13.774.93.388.77.3
Prometon75.24.768.32.670.43.982.33.0
Prometryn77.58.372.81.172.93.174.513.6
Pronamide79.53.572.93.873.52.079.93.2
Propachlor75.06.371.12.370.12.278.23.5
Propanil83.47.873.72.176.14.382.56.7
Propazine74.99.170.92.174.22.679.94.9
Propetamphos77.84.272.74.072.63.193.96.0
Propham72.714.266.95.757.73.575.312.9
Propiconazole-180.56.070.21.970.04.792.74.5
Propiconazole-277.86.769.91.573.61.580.49.0
Propisochlor80.45.774.13.075.62.379.61.8
Prothiophos76.37.972.82.566.13.784.64.0
Pyracabolid85.78.671.72.072.33.486.26.0
Pyraclofos72.46.973.74.675.16.298.37.5
Pyrazophos77.93.474.95.575.56.5110.810.0
Pyridaben119.56.077.12.771.62.187.24.5
Pyridalyl70.28.480.62.561.12.697.54.9
Pyridaphenthion84.16.169.81.772.94.4120.314.9
Pyrifenox 176.46.760.81.661.86.062.55.1
Pyrifenox 279.99.365.15.158.35.550.34.5
Pyrimidifen81.74.279.73.374.71.398.86.2
Pyriminobac-methyl(E)79.87.574.31.977.62.5101.26.6
Quinalphos82.35.769.92.569.33.386.77.3
Quinoxyfen75.88.574.82.070.41.580.52.6
Quintozene71.54.166.54.963.43.578.44.0
Sectumeton79.811.970.34.274.24.181.26.3
Silafluofen69.18.079.72.464.82.487.22.8
Simeconazole76.25.870.12.771.33.188.97.5
Simetryn93.65.569.03.770.64.583.13.8
Spiromesifen76.68.777.63.375.41.379.87.5
Spiroxamine 168.84.368.83.068.83.581.18.7
Spiroxamine_270.26.469.63.168.85.281.57.3
Sulfotep73.65.972.23.375.32.790.44.1
Sulprofos76.47.675.22.670.43.884.14.1
TCMTB88.112.770.75.972.011.584.17.1
Tebuconazole77.77.475.61.971.01.888.16.8
Tebufenpyrad79.34.474.92.275.91.586.15.3
Tebupirimfos76.45.870.64.371.81.985.55.2
Tefluthrin76.08.075.93.172.62.581.33.2
Terbacil79.67.369.43.570.92.489.05.9
Terbufos73.56.467.31.770.23.287.24.6
Terbumeton74.29.369.92.571.92.682.46.6
Terbuthylazine74.54.973.71.969.84.582.85.6
Terbutryn77.98.574.32.973.33.789.82.9
Tetrachlorvinphos76.85.572.13.270.63.586.72.1
Tetraconazole81.39.169.84.673.05.489.54.1
Tetradifon79.96.975.72.270.52.180.14.7
Tetramethrin-182.27.381.63.779.15.3101.114.6
Tetramethrin-284.06.775.22.875.34.092.85.4
Tetrasul62.710.973.21.755.53.276.05.4
Thiazopyr83.27.074.73.173.24.486.85.8
Thifluzamide86.18.673.92.570.84.882.85.8
Thiometon71.24.449.29.068.13.060.74.9
Thionazin76.52.670.03.570.82.482.54.7
Tolclofos_methyl76.36.369.33.372.02.179.42.6
Tolfenpyrad77.96.478.04.276.61.895.47.4
Tolylfluanid81.07.576.42.471.83.471.35.5
Tralomethrin-1116.42.665.35.455.18.8140.242.3
Tralomethrin-278.82.877.35.273.43.991.43.2
Triadimefon76.59.170.22.776.23.378.94.3
Triadimenol80.07.970.73.472.61.997.88.5
Triallate72.19.670.73.769.51.780.04.3
Triazophos83.88.878.313.873.94.698.24.4
Tribufos79.57.871.92.670.55.186.39.0
Tridiphane70.78.371.62.769.02.485.44.6
Triflumizole79.67.371.63.172.71.790.46.9
Triflumuron82.44.875.42.572.60.684.84.7
Trifluralin77.43.771.03.876.44.379.14.1
Uniconazole80.57.572.53.672.14.881.43.7
Vernlolate68.66.860.22.163.01.064.72.0
Vinclozoline78.54.675.72.272.70.782.77.8
Zoxamide95.411.274.03.270.11.0110.532.5
Table 5. Pesticides frequencies, concentrations, and maximum residue limits in agricultural products.
Table 5. Pesticides frequencies, concentrations, and maximum residue limits in agricultural products.
Agricultural ProductNumber of
Samples		Detected PesticidesConcentration
(mg/kg)		MRL *
(mg/kg)
1Chili pepper21000
2Carrot17000
3Stem of garlic7000
4Mango10Chlorpyrifos0.020.4
Fludioxonil0.052.0
5Wheat14000
6Banana24000
7Almond10000
8Cabbage10000
9Coffee bean12000
10Pineapple10Prochloraz0.015.0
0.45.0
0.025.0
Fludioxonil0.0120
Total1353
* Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), MFDS Notification (No. 2021-26, 25 March 2021).
Table 6. Exposure assessment of pesticides in agricultural products.
Table 6. Exposure assessment of pesticides in agricultural products.
No.PesticideADI *
(** mg/kg bw/day)		Agricultural ProductConcentration
(mg/kg)		Mean Concentration
(mg/kg)		Average Intake
(g/day)		EDI ***
(mg/kg bw/day)		EDI/ADI (%)
1Chlorpyrifos0.00016Mango0.020.02000.89863.0 × 10−70.002995
2Fludioxonil0.00667Mango0.050.05000.89867.5 × 10−70.000187
FludioxonilPineapple0.010.01001.48152.5 × 10−70.000062
3Prochloraz0.00016Pineapple0.010.14331.48153.5 × 10−60.035383
ProchlorazPineapple0.4
ProchlorazPineapple0.02
* ADI = acceptable daily intake; ** mg/kg bw/day = mg/kg body-weight/day; *** EDI = estimated daily intake.
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Choi, B.-S.; Lee, D.-U.; Kim, W.-S.; Park, C.-W.; Choe, W.-J.; Moon, M.-J. Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments. Foods 2023, 12, 3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163001

AMA Style

Choi B-S, Lee D-U, Kim W-S, Park C-W, Choe W-J, Moon M-J. Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments. Foods. 2023; 12(16):3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163001

Chicago/Turabian Style

Choi, Byong-Sun, Dong-Uk Lee, Woo-Seong Kim, Chan-Woong Park, Won-Jo Choe, and Myung-Jun Moon. 2023. "Simultaneous Screening of 322 Residual Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using GC-MS/MS and Deterministic Health Risk Assessments" Foods 12, no. 16: 3001. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163001

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