Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, and Rg3, in Mice with Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Alterations: Implications for Variability in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Red Ginseng Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Animals
2.3. Pharmacokinetic Experiments
2.4. Plasma Sample Analysis
2.5. Metagenome Analysis
2.6. Microbial Metabolic Activity
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Amoxicillin on the Gut Microbiota Composition
3.2. Effect of Amoxicillin on the Pharmacokinetics of Rg3
3.3. Effect of Amoxicillin on the Gut Microbial Metabolism of Rg3
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gut Microbiota | Composition (%) a | ||
---|---|---|---|
Control | Amoxicillin | ||
Phylum | Bacteroidetes | 61.04 ± 13.05 | 15.26 ± 15.49 * |
Cyanobacteria | 1.96 ± 2.07 | NQ * | |
Firmicutes | 19.40 ± 8.50 | 22.18 ± 10.79 | |
Proteobacteria | 5.78 ± 2.38 | 61.36 ± 5.73 * | |
Tenericutes | 0.19 ± 0.13 | 1.16 ± 2.12 | |
Saccharibacteria_TM7 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | NQ * | |
Verrucomicrobia | 11.45 ± 9.46 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | |
Class | Bacteroidia | 61.02 ± 13.05 | 15.26 ± 15.50 * |
Betaproteobacteria | 1.82 ± 1.76 | NQ * | |
Clostridia | 18.93 ± 8.39 | 21.93 ± 10.95 | |
Deltaproteobacteria | 0.93 ± 1.02 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | |
Gammaproteobacteria | 2.09 ± 2.39 | 61.32 ± 5.73 * | |
Mollicutes | 0.19 ± 0.13 | 1.16 ± 2.12 | |
Verrucomicrobiae | 11.45 ± 9.46 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | |
Order | Acholeplasmatales | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 1.15 ± 2.12 * |
Bacteroidales | 61.00 ± 13.02 | 15.25 ± 15.51 * | |
Burkholderiales | 1.82 ± 1.75 | NQ * | |
Clostridiales | 18.93 ± 8.39 | 21.93 ± 10.95 | |
Desulfovibrionales | 0.92 ± 1.03 | NQ * | |
Enterobacterales | 2.08 ± 2.39 | 61.31 ± 5.73 * | |
FR888536_o | 1.96 ± 2.07 | NQ * | |
Lactobacillales | 0.26 ± 0.25 | 0.23 ± 0.26 | |
Verrucomicrobiales | 11.45 ± 9.46 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | |
Family | Akkermansiaceae | 11.45 ± 9.46 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * |
Bacteroidaceae | 5.48 ± 6.02 | 0.69 ± 0.64 * | |
Christensenellaceae | 0.38 ± 0.24 | 21.88 ± 10.94 * | |
Enterobacteriaceae | 2.05 ± 2.39 | 52.85 ± 5.86 * | |
Lachnospiraceae | 11.79 ± 5.69 | 0.03 ± 0.02 * | |
Muribaculaceae | 42.29 ± 8.52 | 12.98 ± 14.79 * | |
Prevotellaceae | 10.46 ± 3.41 | 0.01 ± 0.02 * | |
Rikenellaceae | 2.67 ± 0.59 | 1.34 ± 2.14 | |
Ruminococcaceae | 6.38 ± 2.83 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * | |
Sutterellaceae | 1.81 ± 1.76 | NQ | |
Genus | Akkermansia | 11.44 ± 9.45 | 0.01 ± 0.01 * |
Anaerotignum | 0.57 ± 0.42 | NQ * | |
Bacteroides | 5.41 ± 5.92 | 0.69 ± 0.64 * | |
Clostridium_g6 | 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.00 ± 0.01 * | |
Enterobacter | 0.06 ± 0.08 | 49.87 ± 6.02 * | |
Enterobacteriaceae_g | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.63 ± 0.70 * | |
Escherichia | 1.99 ± 2.37 | 0.04 ± 0.04 * | |
Eubacterium_g17 | 0.23 ± 0.19 | NQ * | |
HM123997_g | 1.03 ± 0.85 | NQ * | |
Muribaculaceae_uc | 0.96 ± 0.34 | 0.04 ± 0.06 * | |
Oscillibacter | 1.18 ± 0.98 | NQ * | |
PAC000664_g | 2.05 ± 1.81 | NQ * | |
PAC001360_g | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 19.90 ± 9.58 * | |
PAC002400_g | 3.74 ± 1.34 | 0.00 ± 0.01 * | |
Prevotella | 7.46 ± 2.85 | 0.01 ± 0.02 * | |
Pseudoflavonifractor | 1.66 ± 0.92 | 0.00 ± 0.01 * | |
Ruminococcus | 0.58 ± 0.50 | NQ * | |
Turicimonas | 1.81 ± 1.76 | NQ |
Ginsenoside | Rb1 | Rd | Rg3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Amoxicillin | Control | Amoxicillin | Control | Amoxicillin | |
Tmax (h) | 8.8 ± 6.5 | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 13.5 ± 3.97 | 11.1 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 5.9 ± 2.8 |
Cmax (ng/mL) | 130.3 ± 38.5 | 106.3 ± 18.6 | 149.7 ± 76.2 | 114.1 ± 46.6 | 34.7 ± 10.8 | 18.1 ± 4.1 ** |
AUC (ng·h/mL) | 2211.6 ± 614.5 | 1684.9 ± 290.1 | 1929.4 ± 823.2 | 1607.3 ± 551.7 | 247.7 ± 96.6 | 139.2 ± 32.9 ** |
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Kim, J.-K.; Choi, M.S.; Park, H.-S.; Kee, K.H.; Kim, D.-H.; Yoo, H.H. Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, and Rg3, in Mice with Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Alterations: Implications for Variability in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Red Ginseng Extracts. Foods 2023, 12, 4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234342
Kim J-K, Choi MS, Park H-S, Kee KH, Kim D-H, Yoo HH. Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, and Rg3, in Mice with Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Alterations: Implications for Variability in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Red Ginseng Extracts. Foods. 2023; 12(23):4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234342
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jeon-Kyung, Min Sun Choi, Hee-Seo Park, Kyung Hwa Kee, Dong-Hyun Kim, and Hye Hyun Yoo. 2023. "Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, and Rg3, in Mice with Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiota Alterations: Implications for Variability in the Therapeutic Efficacy of Red Ginseng Extracts" Foods 12, no. 23: 4342. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12234342