Geographical Classification of Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) Using Total and Synchronous Fluorescence Combined with Chemometric Approaches
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Saffron Samples
2.2. Saffron Extracts Preparation
2.3. UV–Vis Spectrophotometric Analyses of the Aqueous Extracts
2.4. EEM and SFS Data Acquisition
2.5. Chemometric Analyses of SFS Datasets
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spectrophotometric Measurements of Saffron Aqueous Extracts
3.2. Optimization of the Saffron Extracts Preparation for Fluorescence Analysis
3.2.1. Optimization of the Extraction Solvent
3.2.2. Optimization of the Saffron Weight
3.2.3. Optimization of the Extraction Time
3.3. Fingerprinting of Saffron Extracts Using Emission-Excitation Matrix (EEM)
3.4. Synchronous Fluorescence Spectra (SFS) of Saffron Extracts
3.5. Geographical Origin Discrimination of Saffron Samples
3.5.1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Synchronous Saffron Samples Spectra
3.5.2. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of the Synchronous Saffron Samples’ Spectra
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Province | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Askaoune | Taroudant | 30°46′7″ N | 7°46′23″ W | 1857 |
Aoulouz | 30°42′0″ N | 8°9′0″ W | 735 | |
Asfazimer | 30°42′09″ N | 7°45′00″ W | 2009 | |
Asgaouer | 30°35′53″ N | 7°39′8″ W | 1829 | |
Arabene | 30°49′32″ N | 7°45′37″ W | 1992 | |
Aguechetim | 30°48′27″ N | 7°47′18″ W | 1930 | |
Ighli | 30°34′56″ N | 8°33′16″ W | 406 | |
Sidi Hsaine | 30°28′10″ N | 7°46′19″ W | 1491 | |
Ait Imran | 30°34′35″ N | 7°36′34″ W | 1687 | |
Taliouine | 30°31′58″ N | 7°55′32″ W | 1029 | |
Imdghar | Ouarzazate | 30°60′51″ N | 7°36′04″ W | 1535 |
Tazenakht | 30°34′25″ N | 7°12′10″ W | 1410 | |
Ait Mazigh | Azilal | 32°4′29″ N | 6°21′6″ W | 1140 |
Zaouiat Ahansal | 31°49′57″ N | 6°06′20″ W | 1616 | |
Ait Bou Oulli | 31°36′11″ N | 6°36′13″ W | 1673 | |
Ait Blal | 31°41′27″ N | 6°42′59″ W | 1583 | |
Ait Oumdis | 31°29′45″ N | 7°03′11″ W | 1283 | |
Ait Tamlil | 31°28′48″ N | 6°56′24″ W | 1626 |
Δλ1 | Δλ2 | Δλ3 | Δλ4 | Δλ5 | Δλ6 | Δλ7 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moroccan saffron | PC1 | 95/89 | 97/96 | 98/97 | 99/98 | 97/97 | 99/98 | 98/97 |
PC2 | 4/7 | 2/2 | 0.1/0.2 | 0.2/1 | 1/1 | 0.1/0.5 | 0.2/0.1 | |
Moroccan, Afghan, and Iranian saffron | PC1 | 88/86 | 63/60 | 81/80 | 71/66 | 85/80 | 86/86 | 94/93 |
PC2 | 10/8 | 34/34 | 17/5 | 26/14 | 14/10 | 12/12 | 5/5 |
Δλ1 | Δλ2 | Δλ3 | Δλ4 | Δλ5 | Δλ6 | Δλ7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moroccan saffron | 80 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 95 | 94 | 95 |
Moroccan, Afghan, and Iranian saffron | 83 | 70 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 95 | 96 |
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El Hani, O.; García-Guzmán, J.J.; Palacios-Santander, J.M.; Digua, K.; Amine, A.; Gharby, S.; Cubillana-Aguilera, L. Geographical Classification of Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) Using Total and Synchronous Fluorescence Combined with Chemometric Approaches. Foods 2023, 12, 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091747
El Hani O, García-Guzmán JJ, Palacios-Santander JM, Digua K, Amine A, Gharby S, Cubillana-Aguilera L. Geographical Classification of Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) Using Total and Synchronous Fluorescence Combined with Chemometric Approaches. Foods. 2023; 12(9):1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091747
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl Hani, Ouarda, Juan José García-Guzmán, José María Palacios-Santander, Khalid Digua, Aziz Amine, Said Gharby, and Laura Cubillana-Aguilera. 2023. "Geographical Classification of Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) Using Total and Synchronous Fluorescence Combined with Chemometric Approaches" Foods 12, no. 9: 1747. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091747