Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production in Pine Nut Oil: A Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-01 Fermentation Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material and Chemicals
2.2. Identification of Linoleic Acid Isomerase (LAI) Gene of L. plantarum Lp-01
2.3. Microorganism Culture and Substrate
2.4. Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for CLA Production
2.5. CLA Extraction and Determination
2.6. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
2.7. Bioinformatics Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Identification, Analysis, and Phylogenetic Analysis of LAI in L. plantarum Lp-01
3.2. Effect of Inoculum Size on CLA Yield
3.3. Effect of Fermentation Temperature on CLA Yield
3.4. Effect of Fermentation Time on CLA Yield
3.5. Effect of Pine Nut Oil Concentration on CLA Yield
3.6. Response Surface Method to Optimize the Fermentation Process of L. plantarum Lp-01
3.6.1. Predicted Model and Analysis of Variance
3.6.2. Optimization and Validation for Fermentation Conditions
3.7. The Fermentation Products’ Composition Analysis
3.7.1. Results of the Extraction Liquid of Fermentation Product Scanned by Ultraviolet Wavelength
3.7.2. Gas Chromatography (GC) Figure of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester from Fermentation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Primer Sequence | |
---|---|---|
Forward | Reverse | |
1 | AATAAGAATCATCCGATGGCTAA | GTTCCGTGAAGATCATCTGGTAT |
2 | AATAAGAATCATCCGATGGCTAA | GTTCCGTGAAGATCATCTGGTAT |
3 | GAATAAGAATCATCCGATGGCTA | GTTCCGTGAAGATCATCTGGTAT |
Level | Factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
A (%) | B (°C) | C (h) | D (%) | |
−1 | 1.5 | 32 | 15 | 10 |
0 | 2 | 36 | 20 | 12 |
1 | 2.5 | 40 | 25 | 14 |
Run Numbers | A: Inoculum Size/% | B: Temperature/ °C | C: Time/ h | D: Pine Nut Oil Concentration/% | CLA Yield/ μg/mL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.00 | 32.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 28.6 |
2 | 2.50 | 40.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 27.9 |
3 | 2.00 | 32.00 | 15.00 | 12.00 | 26.6 |
4 | 1.50 | 36.00 | 15.00 | 12.00 | 21.5 |
5 | 2.50 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 28.7 |
6 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 31.3 |
7 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 34.4 |
8 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 15.00 | 14.00 | 24.1 |
9 | 1.50 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 14.00 | 24.6 |
10 | 2.00 | 40.00 | 15.00 | 12.00 | 27.3 |
11 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 34.3 |
12 | 2.00 | 32.00 | 20.00 | 14.00 | 26.2 |
13 | 2.00 | 32.00 | 15.00 | 10.00 | 23.7 |
14 | 1.50 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 24.6 |
15 | 2.50 | 32.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 31.0 |
16 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 33.6 |
17 | 1.50 | 36.00 | 25.00 | 12.00 | 28.8 |
18 | 1.50 | 40.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 27.6 |
19 | 2.50 | 36.00 | 15.00 | 12.00 | 28.2 |
20 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 33.3 |
21 | 2.00 | 40.00 | 20.00 | 14.00 | 25.2 |
22 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 25.00 | 10.00 | 30.0 |
23 | 2.00 | 36.00 | 25.00 | 14.00 | 25.8 |
24 | 2.50 | 36.00 | 25.00 | 12.00 | 26.7 |
25 | 2.00 | 32.00 | 25.00 | 12.00 | 30.4 |
26 | 2.00 | 40.00 | 25.00 | 12.00 | 29.3 |
27 | 1.50 | 32.00 | 20.00 | 12.00 | 27.9 |
28 | 2.00 | 40.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 29.2 |
29 | 2.50 | 36.00 | 20.00 | 14.00 | 27.1 |
Variables | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 303.96 | 14 | 21.71 | 34.85 | <0.0001 | significance |
A | 17.76 | 1 | 17.76 | 28.51 | 0.0001 | |
B | 1.47 | 1 | 1.47 | 2.36 | 0.1468 | |
C | 32.01 | 1 | 32.01 | 51.39 | <0.0001 | |
D | 11.60 | 1 | 11.60 | 18.62 | 0.0007 | |
AB | 1.96 | 1 | 1.96 | 3.15 | 00979 | |
AC | 19.36 | 1 | 19.36 | 31.08 | <0.0001 | |
AD | 0.6400 | 1 | 0.6400 | 1.03 | 0.3280 | |
BC | 0.8100 | 1 | 0.8100 | 1.30 | 0.2733 | |
BD | 0.6400 | 1 | 0.6400 | 1.03 | 0.3280 | |
CD | 5.29 | 1 | 5.29 | 8.49 | 0.0113 | |
A2 | 78.10 | 1 | 78.10 | 125.37 | <0.0001 | |
B2 | 23.29 | 1 | 23.29 | 37.39 | <0.0001 | |
C2 | 90.97 | 1 | 90.97 | 146.02 | <0.0001 | |
D2 | 121.05 | 1 | 121.05 | 194.31 | <0.0001 | |
Residual | 8.72 | 14 | 0.6230 | |||
Lack of fit | 7.79 | 10 | 0.7790 | 3.34 | 0.1280 | Not significance |
Pure error | 0.9320 | 4 | 0.2330 | |||
Cor.Total | 312.68 | 28 |
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Wei, G.; Wu, G.; Sun, J.; Qi, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Xu, F.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, L. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production in Pine Nut Oil: A Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-01 Fermentation Approach. Foods 2024, 13, 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162472
Wei G, Wu G, Sun J, Qi Y, Zhao Q, Xu F, Zhang Z, Peng L. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production in Pine Nut Oil: A Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-01 Fermentation Approach. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162472
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Gang, Ge Wu, Jiajia Sun, Yi Qi, Qi Zhao, Fengde Xu, Zhi Zhang, and Lanzhi Peng. 2024. "Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production in Pine Nut Oil: A Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-01 Fermentation Approach" Foods 13, no. 16: 2472. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162472