Changes in Quality of Carya illinoinensis at Different Harvest Periods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Plant Material
2.2. Sampling Methods
2.3. Fruit Morphometry
2.4. Water Content
2.5. Pericarp Color and Index of Absorbance Difference
2.6. Respiration Intensity
2.7. Fruit Quality
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variations in Fruit Quality and Morphology of Pecans
3.2. Variation in Kernel Yield and Moisture Content of Pecan Fruit
3.3. Color Variations in Pecan Pericarp
3.4. Variation in Respiration Intensity of Pecan Fruit
3.5. Crude Fat
3.6. Soluble Sugar
3.7. Soluble Protein
3.8. Total Phenol
3.9. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivar | Provinces | Geographic Location | Climatic Characteristics | Frost-Free Period | Ripening Period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jinhua 1 | Yunnan [12] | 97°31′~106°11′ E, 21°8′~29°15′ N | The climate is semi-humid, situated in the central subtropical zone. The mean annual temperature is 16.5 °C, with an average annual precipitation of 1056 mm. | 301 d | Mid-October to early November |
Pawnee | Hunan [13] | 110°59′~110°40′ E, 26°40′~27°6′ N | It has a subtropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 16.6 °C and an average annual precipitation of 1491 mm. | 290 d | Around 20 October |
Mahan | |||||
Pawnee | Shandong [14] | 115°16′~116°32′ E, 35°47′~37°02′ N | The region exhibits a temperate monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 13.5 °C and an average annual precipitation of 540.4 mm. | 208 d | Mid-October to early November |
Mahan | Mid-late October to early November | ||||
Mahan | Zhejiang [15] | 118°01′~123°10′ E, 27°02′~31°11′ N | The region has a subtropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 17.3 °C and an average annual precipitation of 1406 mm. | 257 d | Around October |
Pawnee | Guangxi [16] | 107°5′~107°43′ E, 24°13′~24°51′ N | The region has a subtropical monsoon climate with an average annual temperature of 19.9 °C and an average annual precipitation of 1389.1 mm. | 290 d | Mid to late September |
Shawnee | Late September to early October | ||||
Mahan | Mid to late October | ||||
caddo | Early to mid October | ||||
Pawnee | Jiangxi [17] | 113°34′~118°28′ E, 24°29′~30°04′ N | The region has a subtropical, warm, and humid monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 19.1 °C and an average annual precipitation of 1576.3 mm. | 214 d | Mid-September |
Wichita | Mid-October | ||||
Shawnee | Early to mid-October | ||||
Chengyin 15 | Gansu [18] | 104°01′~106°35′ E, 32°35′~34°32′ N | The region has a warm temperate continental climate with an average annual temperature of 11.9 °C and an average annual precipitation of 639 mm. | 210 d | Between 20 September and 2 October |
Xinyin 5 | Henan [19] | 110°21′~116°39′ E, 31°23′~36°22′ N | The region has a subtropical warm and humid climate with an average annual temperature of 15.3 °C and an average annual rainfall of 1109.1 mm. | 221 d | September to October |
Cultivar | Harvest Dates | Green Fruit Weight/g | De-Greened Wet Fruit Weight g | Transverse Diameter (mm) | Vertical Diameter (mm) | Fruit Shape Index |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pawnee | September 15 | 41.64 ± 2.51 a | 13.14 ± 0.89 a | 34.20 ± 1.03 b | 61.20 ± 2.02 b | 0.56 ± 0.03 ab |
September 20 | 42.35 ± 3.69 a | 13.08 ± 0.56 a | 35.05 ± 2.10 ab | 63.73 ± 2.57 ab | 0.55 ± 0.01 b | |
September 25 | 41.26 ± 2.29 a | 12.45 ± 0.65 a | 38.05 ± 1.00 a | 65.26 ± 1.52 a | 0.59 ± 0.01 a | |
September 30 | 35.88 ± 2.47 b | 12.76 ± 0.46 a | 36.50 ± 0.22 ab | 63.24 ± 0.53 ab | 0.58 ± 0.01 ab | |
October 9 | 30.17 ± 3.16 c | 13.05 ± 0.61 a | 38.22 ± 2.67 a | 64.74 ± 2.29 ab | 0.59 ± 0.02 a | |
Wichita | October 9 | 23.64 ± 3.86 a | 11.23 ± 1.14 a | 30.95 ± 1.14 b | 51.98 ± 4.10 a | 0.60 ± 0.03 a |
October 14 | 25.26 ± 3.81 a | 12.07 ± 1.09 a | 32.69 ± 1.05 a | 56.49 ± 5.98 a | 0.58 ± 0.05 a | |
October 19 | 29.06 ± 3.94 a | 12.30 ± 0.68 a | 32.61 ± 0.42 a | 56.99 ± 1.41 a | 0.57 ± 0.01 a | |
October 24 | 27.07 ± 3.95 a | 11.29 ± 0.70 a | 31.66 ± 0.65 ab | 57.54 ± 5.86 a | 0.55 ± 0.05 a | |
October 29 | 26.07 ± 4.61 a | 12.09 ± 1.19 a | 32.48 ± 0.69 ab | 56.84 ± 5.10 a | 0.57 ± 0.04 a |
Cultivar | Harvest Dates | Kernel Color | Fullness | Intactness |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pawnee | September 15 | Light yellow | Empty | ≥1/2 |
September 20 | Light yellow | Fuller | ≥1/2 | |
September 25 | Golden yellow, partly dark brown | fullness | ≥1/2 | |
September 30 | Golden yellow, partly dark brown | fullness | ≥1/2 | |
October 9 | Dark brown | Shrinkage | ≥1/2 | |
Wichita | October 9 | Light yellow | Empty | ≥1/2 |
October 14 | Light yellow | Fuller | ≥1/2 | |
October 19 | Light yellow | fullness | ≥1/2 | |
October 24 | Golden yellow, partly light yellow | fullness | ≥1/2 | |
October 29 | Golden yellow, partly dark brown | Fullness, partly shrinkage | ≥1/2 |
Green Fruit Weight | De-Greened Wet Fruit Weight | Kernel Rate | Water Content | Transverse Diameter | Vertical Diameter | Fruit Shape Index | Respiratory Intensity | ∆E | IAD | Soluble Sugar | Crude Fat | Soluble Protein | Total Phenol | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green fruit weight | 1 | |||||||||||||
De-greened wet fruit weight | 0.676 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||
Kernel rate | 0.064 | −0.102 | 1 | |||||||||||
Water content | −0.744 ** | −0.500 ** | −0.454 * | 1 | ||||||||||
Transverse diameter | 0.652 ** | 0.578 ** | 0.314 | −0.761 ** | 1 | |||||||||
Vertical diameter | 0.793 ** | 0.706 ** | 0.309 | −0.788 ** | 0.845 ** | 1 | ||||||||
Fruit shape index | −0.409 * | −0.378 * | −0.080 | 0.225 | 0.049 | −0.491 ** | 1 | |||||||
Respiratory intensity | 0.600 ** | 0.214 | −0.341 | −0.181 | 0.073 | 0.141 | −0.117 | 1 | ||||||
∆E | 0.067 | 0.070 | 0.551 ** | −0.422 | 0.559 * | 0.420 * | 0.122 | −0.378 * | 1 | |||||
IAD | 0.692 ** | 0.264 | −0.061 | −0.430 * | 0.186 | 0.248 | −0.150 | 0.731 ** | −0.233 | 1 | ||||
Soluble sugar | 0.016 | 0.025 | −0.056 | −0.017 | 0.362 * | 0.101 | 0.397 * | −0.246 | 0.353 | −0.019 | 1 | |||
Crude fat | −0.446 * | −0.152 | 0.422 * | −0.013 | 0.038 | -0.028 | 0.103 | −0.705 ** | 0.437 * | −0.418 * | 0.310 | 1 | ||
Soluble protein | −0.446 * | −0.330 | 0.112 | 0.337 | −0.424 * | −0.398 * | 0.061 | −0.389 * | −0.027 | −0.340 | −0.209 | 0.199 | 1 | |
Total phenol | −0.446 * | −0.115 | 0.101 | 0.166 | 0.168 | −0.104 | 0.459 * | −0.471 ** | 0.201 | −0.524 ** | 0.397 * | 0.450 * | −0.239 | 1 |
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Jiang, X.; Cui, L.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, T.; Qian, Y.; Xiao, H.; Zhu, H. Changes in Quality of Carya illinoinensis at Different Harvest Periods. Foods 2024, 13, 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162553
Jiang X, Cui L, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Qian Y, Xiao H, Zhu H. Changes in Quality of Carya illinoinensis at Different Harvest Periods. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162553
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Xinchen, Li Cui, Qiuqin Zhang, Tao Zhang, Yaming Qian, Hongmei Xiao, and Haijun Zhu. 2024. "Changes in Quality of Carya illinoinensis at Different Harvest Periods" Foods 13, no. 16: 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162553