Change in Sunflower Oil Quality and Safety Depending on Number of Deodorisation Cycles Used
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples and Their Refining and Deodorisation Conditions
2.2. Fatty Acids Composition and Content
2.3. Peroxide Value Measurement (PV)
2.4. Anisidine Value (AV)
2.5. Volatile Profile Analysis
2.5.1. Extraction of SFO’s Volatiles by HS-SPME
2.5.2. GC–FID and GC–MS Analysis
2.5.3. Identification of Volatiles
2.6. MCPD Esters and Glycidyl Esters Measurement
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Change in Fatty Acids
3.2. PV and AV Measurement
3.3. Change in Volatile Profile
3.4. MCPD Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidol Fatty Acid Esters Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pressed SFO | Refined and Deodorised SFO | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample code | Pressed | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 |
Number of refining cycles | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Number of deodorisation cycles | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
PV, mmol/kg | 3.5 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Type of Oil | Pressed | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | Parent Fatty Acid | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compound Name | CAS | IK | IKt | Aroma | T’R | ||||||
Alkanes (sum) | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.40 | ||||||
Pentane | 109-66-0 | 499 | 500 | 0.43 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.16 | Ol/L | |
Hexane | 110-54-3 | 601 | 600 | 0.99 | 0.22 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.23 | ||
Heptane | 142-82-5 | 696 | 700 | sweet, ethereal | 2.17 | 0.02 | - | 0.00 1 | 0.00 1 | 0.00 1 | Ol |
Octane | 111-65-9 | 800 | 800 | gasoline | 4.40 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 1 | 0.00 1 | Ol |
Alkenes (sum) | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
1-Heptene 2 | 592-76-7 | 749 | 731-748 | 0.66 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | L | |
1-Octene | 111-66-0 | 851 | 822-892 | gasoline | 5.99 | - | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 1 | 0.01 | |
(Z)-2-Octene | 7642-04-8 | 868 | 862-882 | 6.51 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | L | |
(E)-2-Octene 2 | 13389-42-9 | 880 | 852-867 | 6.97 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | ||
Alcohols (sum) | 11.56 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
Ethanol | 64-17-5 | 939 | 883-972 | 9.73 | 1.63 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
1-Propanol | 71-23-8 | 1064 | 988-1086 | alcoholic, fermented, fusel, mouldy | 13.92 | 3.75 | - | - | - | - | |
2-Methylpropanol | 78-83-1 | 1119 | 1043-1129 | ethereal, wine, bark | 16.05 | 0.35 | |||||
2-Propen-1-ol | 107-18-6 | 1141 | 1097-1167 | spicy, mustard | 16.99 | 0.39 | |||||
2-Methylbutanol | 137-32-6 | 1220 | 1158-1244 | fried, wine, onion, fruit, fusel, alcohol, whiskey | 20.62 | 1.09 | |||||
1-Pentanol | 71-41-0 | 1265 | 1200-1294 | fusel, oils, sweet | 22.26 | 0.62 | L | ||||
1-Hexanol 2 | 111-27-3 | 1368 | 1308-1349 | essential, fusel, oily, fruity, alcoholic, sweet, freshness | 25.98 | 3.16 | |||||
1-Heptanol | 111-70-6 | 1419 | 1405-1484 | musty, leafy, violet, herbal, green, sweet, woody, peony | 29.46 | 0.19 | |||||
Ketones (sum) | 0.36 | 0.01 | |||||||||
2-Butanone | 78-93-3 | 915 | 866-950 | acetone, essential, fruity, camphor | 8.48 | 0.24 | |||||
2-Pentanone | 107-87-9 | 971 | 938-1015 | sweet, fruity, essential, wine, banana, woody | 11.68 | 0.07 | |||||
2-Heptanone | 110-43-0 | 1205 | 1145-1214 | fruity, spicy, sweet, herbal, coconut, woody | 20.08 | 0.01 | |||||
3-Octanone | 106-68-3 | 1280 | 1205-1300 | fresh, herbal, lavender, sweet, mushroom | 22.84 | 0.04 | |||||
2-Octanone | 111-13-7 | 1310 | 1262-1310 | earthy, natural, woody, herbal | 23.97 | 0.01 | 0.00 1 | ||||
Aldehydes (sum) | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.15 | |||||||
incl. α,β-unsaturated | 0.03 | ||||||||||
Acetaldehyde | 4124-63-4 | 714 | 689-744 | cabbage | 2.45 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 1 | L/Ln | |
Propanal | 123-38-6 | 808 | 747-828 | earthy, alcoholic, wine, whiskey, cocoa, nutty | 4.62 | 0.04 | L/Ln | ||||
2-Methylbutanal | 96-17-3 | 925 | 880-963 | musty, cocoa, coffee, nutty | 8.99 | 0.13 | |||||
Pentanal | 110-62-3 | 998 | 929-1013 | fermented, bakery, fruit, nutty, berry | 11.80 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | L/Ln | |
Hexanal | 66-25-1 | 1120 | 1034-1127 | herbal, oily | 16.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.09 | L | |
Heptanal | 111-71-7 | 1209 | 1148-1219 | buttery, citrus, rancid | 20.22 | 0.03 | L/Ln | ||||
(E)-2-Hexenal 2 | 6728-26-3 | 1251 | 1184-1236 | sweet, almond, fruity, fresh, leaves, apple, plum, vegetable | 21.73 | 0.01 | 0.01 | Ln | |||
(E)-2-Heptenal | 18829-55-5 | 1359 | 1273-1366 | freshness, fatty | 25.67 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | Ol/L | |
(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal 2 | 2363-88-4 | 1859 | 1768-1858 | orange, sweet, fresh, citrus, greasy, freshness | 40.97 | 0.03 | Ol/L | ||||
Cyclic (sum) | 0.49 | ||||||||||
Methylcyclopentane 2 | 96-37-7 | 681 | 675 | 1.91 | 0.04 | ||||||
Cyclohexane | 110-82-7 | 734 | 712-766 | 2.80 | 0.01 | ||||||
3-Methylfuran | 930-27-8 | 889 | 832-901 | 7.33 | 0.01 | ||||||
2-Pentylfuran | 3777-69-3 | 1255 | 1193-1265 | fruity, green, earthy, nutty, vegetable, metallic | 21.89 | 0.18 | |||||
2-Furanmethanol | 98-00-0 | 1687 | 1613-1698 | alcoholic, chemical, musty, sweet, caramel, bread, coffee | 36.15 | 0.09 | |||||
Benzyl alcohol 2 | 100-51-6 | 1920 | 1821-1919 | floral, rose, phenolic, balsamic | 42.62 | 0.06 | |||||
Benzene ethanol 2 | 60-12-8 | 1959 | 1856-1956 | floral, rose, dried rose, floral, rose water | 43.65 | 0.10 | |||||
Acids (sum) | 14.60 | ||||||||||
Acetic | 64-19-7 | 1481 | 1400-1498 | sharp, acrid, sour, acetic | 29.77 | 11.16 | |||||
Propionic | 79-09-4 | 1571 | 1474-1486 | spicy, sour, cheesy, acetic | 32.63 | 3.27 | |||||
Hexanoic | 142-62-1 | 1879 | 1797-1885 | sour, fatty, cheesy | 41.52 | 0.17 | |||||
Terpene derivatives (sum) | 40.81 | ||||||||||
Tricyclene | 508-32-7 | 1031 | 993-1047 | 12.80 | 0.04 | ||||||
α-Pinene | 80-56-8 | 1050 | 989-1077 | fresh, camphor, sweet, pine, earthy, woody | 13.43 | 28.50 | |||||
Terpene derivative 1 | 471-84-1 | 1095 | 15.04 | 0.04 | |||||||
Camphene | 79-92-5 | 1104 | 1033-1115 | woody, herbal, fir, camphor, terpene | 15.24 | 0.44 | |||||
β-Pinene | 127-91-3 | 1145 | 1065-1158 | dry, woody, fresh, pine, hay, freshness, resinous | 17.17 | 1.62 | |||||
Sabinene | 3387-41-5 | 1155 | 1074-1156 | woody, terpene, citrus, pine, spices | 17.65 | 3.05 | |||||
Terpene derivativee 2 | 36262-09-6 | 1160 | 17.91 | 0.49 | |||||||
Verbenene | 4080-46-0 | 1162 | 18.00 | 0.19 | |||||||
β-Myrcene | 123-35-3 | 1185 | 1113-1192 | pepper, terpene, pungent, balsamic, plastic | 19.12 | 0.02 | |||||
Terpene derivative 3 | 1205 | 20.09 | 0.12 | ||||||||
Limonene | 138-86-3 | 1226 | 1152-1245 | citrus, herbal, terpene, camphor | 20.84 | 0.46 | 0.01 | ||||
Eucalyptol | 470-82-6 | 1239 | 1167-1253 | eucalyptus, herbal, camphor, medicinal | 21.30 | 0.11 | |||||
γ-Terpinene | 99-85-4 | 1274 | 1200-1293 | oily, woody, terpene, lemon, lime, tropical herbs | 22.63 | 0.11 | |||||
Kumene | 99-87-6 | 1300 | 1232-1322 | fresh, citrus, terpene, woody, special | 23.65 | 0.28 | |||||
Terpene derivative 4 | 1313 | 24.09 | 0.05 | ||||||||
α-Pinene epoxyde 2 | 1686-14-2 | 1421 | 1345-1384 | freshness | 27.81 | 0.21 | |||||
Terpene derivative | 1464 | 29.21 | 0.17 | ||||||||
Camfolenal | 4501-58-0 | 1537 | 1439-1793 | herbal, freshness, woody, amber, leafy | 31.56 | 0.43 | |||||
Verbenol 1 | 1557 | 32.20 | 0.17 | ||||||||
Verbenol 2 | 1620 | balsamic | 34.15 | 0.77 | |||||||
Kalarene 2 | 17334-55-3 | 1649 | 1544 | 35.01 | 0.41 | ||||||
Verbenol 3 | 1693 | fresh, pine, ozone | 36.36 | 0.70 | |||||||
Pinocarveol 2 | 5947-36-4 | 1700 | 1632-1690 | camphor, woody-pine, balsamic | 36.56 | 0.67 | |||||
Verbenol 4 | 1717 | balsamic | 37.04 | 0.75 | |||||||
Terpene derivative 5 | 1768 | 38.46 | 0.15 | ||||||||
Verbenon 2 | 1775 | 1676-1742 | camphor, menthol, celery | 38.68 | 0.56 | ||||||
Terpene derivative 6 | 1828 | 40.15 | 0.06 | ||||||||
Mirtenol 2 | 1835 | 1747-1831 | camphor, menthol, celery | 40.34 | 0.15 | ||||||
Trans-carveol | 1197-07-5 | 1871 | 1801-1884 | mint, solvent, cumin | 41.31 | 0.08 | |||||
Others (sum) | 0.20 | 0.01 | |||||||||
Ethyl acetate | 103-45-7 | 902 | 856-917 | floral, pink, sweet, honey, fruity, tropical | 7.91 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||||
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine | 123-32-0 | 1357 | 1274-1358 | cocoa, roasted nuts, roast beef, woody, herbs | 25.58 | 0.12 | |||||
2-Ethyl-5-methylpyrazine | 13360-64-0 | 1428 | 1341-1432 | coffee beans, nutty, herbal, roasted, earthy, powdery, cocoa, baked potatoes | 28.03 | 0.03 | |||||
2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine 2 | 14667-55-1 | 1442 | 1341-1432 | nut peel, earthy, powdery, cocoa, baked potatoes, roasted peanuts, hazelnuts, musty | 28.48 | 0.03 |
Pressed | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantiles | p-Value | Q1 | Me | Q3 | Q1 | Me | Q3 | Q1 | Me | Q3 | Q1 | Me | Q3 | Q1 | Me | Q3 |
PV | 0.014 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
AV | 0.010 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.2 |
3-MCPD | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 2.19 | 2.20 | 2.22 | 3.01 | 3.14 | 3.19 |
2-MCPD | 0.012 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.46 | 1.49 | 1.49 |
Glycidol | 0.014 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.18 |
TFA C18:2 | 0.009 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
PUFA | 0.228 | 595 | 595 | 595 | 589 | 589 | 590 | 583 | 585 | 586 | 581 | 583 | 584 | 579 | 580 | 580 |
MUFA | 0.009 | 211 | 211 | 211 | 212 | 213 | 213 | 214 | 215 | 215 | 215 | 216 | 216 | 219 | 219 | 219 |
SFA | 0.009 | 107 | 107 | 107 | 105 | 106 | 106 | 108 | 109 | 109 | 110 | 110 | 110 | 113 | 114 | 114 |
PV | AV | 3-MCPD | 2-MCPD | Glycidol | TFA C18:2 | MUFA | SFA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pr-D1 | 0.158 | 0.063 | 0.457 | 1.000 | 0.030 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.457 |
Pr-D2 | 0.457 | 0.158 | 0.176 | 0.285 | 0.372 | 0.176 | 0.176 | 0.457 |
Pr-D3 | 0.039 | 0.413 | 0.069 | 0.109 | 0.085 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.176 |
Pr-D4 | 0.057 | 0.558 | 0.030 | 0.045 | 0.176 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.069 |
D1-D2 | 0.413 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.285 | 0.085 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.176 |
D1-D3 | 0.270 | 0.176 | 0.176 | 0.109 | 0.372 | 0.176 | 0.176 | 0.069 |
D1-D4 | 0.413 | 0.033 | 0.069 | 0.045 | 0.176 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.030 |
D2-D3 | 0.094 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.270 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.457 |
D2-D4 | 0.142 | 0.077 | 0.176 | 0.176 | 0.558 | 0.176 | 0.176 | 0.176 |
D3-D4 | 0.733 | 0.196 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.558 | 0.457 | 0.457 | 0.457 |
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Makarenko, M.A.; Malinkin, A.D.; Bessonov, V.V. Change in Sunflower Oil Quality and Safety Depending on Number of Deodorisation Cycles Used. Foods 2024, 13, 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162555
Makarenko MA, Malinkin AD, Bessonov VV. Change in Sunflower Oil Quality and Safety Depending on Number of Deodorisation Cycles Used. Foods. 2024; 13(16):2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162555
Chicago/Turabian StyleMakarenko, Mariia Andreevna, Alexey Dmitrievich Malinkin, and Vladimir Vladimirovich Bessonov. 2024. "Change in Sunflower Oil Quality and Safety Depending on Number of Deodorisation Cycles Used" Foods 13, no. 16: 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13162555