Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Different Food Groups and Drinking Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. MRSA
1.2. Fish and Seafood
1.3. Egg and Egg Products
1.4. Foods of Vegetable Origin
1.5. Other Foods
1.6. Water for Human Consumption
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Fish and Seafood
3.2. Eggs and Egg Products
3.3. Foods of Plant Origin and Mushrooms
3.4. Other Foods
3.5. Drinking Water
Samples | Period | Location | Detection Method | Prevalence | Identification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
136 fish samples from fish markets: 71 rainbow trout and 65 gibel carp | Northern Greece | -Homogenized: 1.3.4. -Two methods: ·1.1. ·1.3.4. -2.1.2 -3.4. | None of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin and glycopeptides | [26] | ||
1 fish sample | March–July 2008 | The Netherlands | -First: 1.4.1. -Second: 1.9.2. -2.9.-2.12.1. -3.2. | None | [27] | |
165 S. aureus strains isolated from different food samples: 12 fishery products | 2003–2006 | Korea | -1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 4/165 (2.4%): 2 fish samples (rockfish and sea bass) | -ST1 (sea bass) -ST72 (rockfish) | [28] |
200 samples of retail RTE raw fish (sashimi) from retail grocery stores of five supermarket chains | January–February 2010 | Hiroshima (Japan) | -1.3.2. -2.1.-2.1.3.-2.4.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 5/200 (2.5%): 3 MRSA isolates did not carry the mecA gene | ST8/t1767 (2 MRSA isolates harboring mecA) | [1] |
298 fishery products from retail outlets (fresh products, frozen products, salted fish, ready-to-cook products, smoked fish, fish roes, non-frozen surimi and other RTE products) | January 2008–May 2009 | Vigo, Galicia (Spain) | -Homogenized 1.2. -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [29] | |
25 aquatic products from markets, grand large hotel and farms | April–November 2011 | Anhui (China) | -1.1. -3.4. | None | [30] | |
54 fishery products from wholesale marts | February–October 2011 | Seoul and Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, and Gangwon (Korea) | -1.3.3. -2.1.2. -3.4.-3.2. | 4/22 (18.2%) of S. aureus isolates | [31] | |
100 samples of RTE fish products (salted pilchards, smoked mackerel, dried chub mackerel, and marinated anchovies) from retail outlets | March–May 2011 | Greece | -1.3.5. -2.1.2.-2.4. -3.2.-3.4. | 2/100 (2%) from smoked mackerel and marinated anchovies | -ST359/t316 -ST5/t548 | [32] |
30 fish samples and 18 samples of prepared foods made with fish from the kitchens of public hospitals | July 2011–May 2012 | Salvador (Brazil) | -First: 1.4.1. -Second: 1.9.1. -2.11. -3.9. | -9/30 (30%) of raw fish samples -4/18 (22.2%) of the prepared foods with fish | [33] | |
330 imported fresh fish samples: 50 red mullet, 30 red sea bream, and 30 emperor fish from each country (Egypt, India, and Yemen) | Jordan | -1.3.1. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 21/156 (13.5%) of S. aureus isolates: 13 from Egypt, 8 from Yemen, and none from India | [34] | ||
200 food samples sold in a black market at an EU border: fish and fish products (31%) | July 2012–February 2013 | Galati (Romania) | -1.1. -3.4.-3.3. | None | [35] | |
3 aquatic products from different food markets | August–October 2010 | Wuhou District of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province (China) | -1.5. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | None | [36] | |
105 marine fish samples from retail fishery outlets | Ernakulum, Alappuzha, and Kottayam (India) | -Homogenized: 1.5.1. -1.1. -2.1.-2.10. -3.4.-3.2. | 1/252 (0.4%) of S. aureus isolates | [37] | ||
600 samples (fresh and frozen, farm and marine): 150 marine shrimps, 150 farmed shrimps, 150 farmed fish, and 150 marine fish | September 2013–September 2014 | Tehran (Iran) | -1.6. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 49/206 (23.8%) of S. aureus isolates: 3 (16.7%) fresh marine shrimp samples, 5 (16.7%) frozen marine shrimp samples, 7 (46.6%) fresh farm shrimp samples, 8 (38%) frozen farm shrimp samples, 6 (16.2%) fresh marine fish samples, 7 (13.2%) frozen marine fish samples, 5 (41.7%) fresh farm fish samples, and 8 (40%) frozen farm fish samples | [38] | |
44 samples from retail shops: 11 salmon, 12 pangasius (shark catfish), 11 shrimp, and 10 oysters | August–October 2014 | Berne (Switzerland) | -Two methods: ·1.1. and 2.5. ·1.7. and 2.5. -3.7.-3.4. | None | [39] | |
200 samples of raw and RTE food illegally sold from a market at the eastern EU Border: 61 fish and fish products (smoked or canned fish), from the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, and Bulgaria | July 2012– February 2013 | Galati (Romania) | -1.1. -2.1.2. -3.10. | 0.01% fish canned in oil with herbs and smoked fish | spa type t1606 | [40] |
35 seafood samples from retail markets and landing centers: fish products, salt, seawater and surface swabs | Mumbai (India) | -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 1/35 (2.86%): isolated from the salt | [41] | ||
233 samples from markets and aquaculture farms: 137 finfishes, 31 crustaceans, 26 mollusks, and 39 environmental samples | July 2012–April 2015 | Ernakulam, Kottayam, and Alappuzha (India) | -1.3.1. -2.1.5.-2.2.-2.6. -3.4.-3.2. | 31/233 (13.4%): 13.8% finfish, 9.3% crustaceans, 12% mollusks and 15.3% in the environment | [42] | |
RTE 149 sushi and 51 sashimi from different food outlets | August–December 2014 | Klang Valley (Malaysia) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.4. -2.1.1. -3.4. | 4/52 (7.7%) resistant to cefoxitin: 3 sushi and 1 sashimi | [43] | |
9 CPS isolates recovered from raw fish samples | Turkey | -Homogenized: 1.7. -1.1. -2.1. -3.5.-3.2. | 9/9 (100%) | [44] | ||
1552 seafood samples from retail outlets and the fish processing industry: 379 chilled whole cleaned fish, 308 fresh fish, 614 frozen whole cleaned fish, 124 samples of processed fish and prawn, and 76 water and 51 ice samples | 2011–2015 | Gujarat (India) | -2.1.2.-2.2. | 88/1552 (5.67%) were found to be positive for MRSA on MRSA II selective plates: 14 CA-MRSA samples (7 prawn samples, 5 water, and 2 ice) | [45] | |
40 freshwater fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and 40 seawater fish (Sparus aurata) samples from bazaars and supermarkets | October 2011–December 2012 | Bolu (Turkey) | -1.3.4. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4.-3.6. | None | [46] | |
9 raw fish from the big hospitals | June 2015–June 2016 | Isfahan (Iran) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.1. -2.1.1. -3.1.-3.2. | None | [47] | |
25 fish products from food processing industries | 2013–2016 | Karachi (Pakistan) | -2.1.1.-2.4.-2.3.-2.5. -3.2. | 4/25 (16%) | SCCmecA IV/agr type II | [48] |
Sashimi samples from 20 Japanese restaurants: 21 salmon, 18 tuna, 12 sea bass and 9 others | August–October 2013 | Portugal | -1.1. -2.1.4. -3.4. | Staphylococcus spp. isolates showed resistance to oxacillin (13.9%) and cefoxitin (7.7%) | [49] | |
17 seafood and fishery environment samples: 10 samples from a landing center and 7 samples from retail fish markets (sampling plan was repeated within a week to validate the procedure with same sample number) | Kerala (India) | -1.3.1. -2.1.5.-2.2.-2.4.-2.6.-2.10. -3.5.-3.2. | -First sampling: 6/17 (35.2%): ice, Scylla serrata, water and Channa striatus (at the landing center), and black clam meat (Villorita cyprinoides) and Indian anchovy (Stolephorus indicus) (retail market) -Second sampling: 4/17 (23.5%): water and ice (at the landing center) and clam meat and ice (retail market) | -First sampling: ·At the landing center: ice (t311), Scylla serrata (t15669/t311), water (t15669), and Channa striatus (t15669) ·Retail market: black clam meat (Villorita cyprinoides) (t121/t311) and Indian anchovy (Stolephorus indicus) (t186) -Second sampling: ·At the landing center: water (t15669) and ice (t311/t15669) ·Retail market: clam meat (t15669) and ice (t311/t127) | [50] | |
267 samples of raw seafood (finfish and shellfish) from retail markets and a fish landing center, and from the aquatic environments (ice, water, and mud) | Kerala (India) | -1.3.1. -2.1.5.-2.2.-2.6.-2.10. -3.2. | 65 MRSA isolates | -ST5 (CC5)/spa complex I/spa type t002: 2 isolates, 1 sample; needle fish (Xenentodon cancila) (5%) -ST5 (CC5)/I/t311: 19 isolates, 7 samples; Japanese butter fish (Psenopsis anomala), croaker (Johnius malabaricus), ice, mud crab (Scylla serrata), 2 black clam meat (Villorita cyprinoides), and dried Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus) (38.8%) -ST772 (CC1)/I/t657: 3 isolates, 2 samples; milk fish (Chanos chanos) and water (11.1%) -ST8 (CC8)/II/t121: 5 isolates, 1 sample; black clam meat (5%) -ST5 (CC5)/II/t334: 2 isolates, 1 sample; mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) (5%) -ST88 (CC88)/III/t186: 6 isolates, 1 sample; anchovy (Stolephorus indicus) (5%) -ST1 (CC1)/III/t127: 1 isolate, 1 sample; ice (5%) -ST6 (CC5)/IV/t711: 4 isolates, 2 samples; mackerel, and flat fish (Cynoglossus malabaricus) (11.1%) -New profile (420-256-236-66-82-411-477) and CC/spa complex V/t15669: 23 isolates, 6 samples; freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), snake head fish (Channa striatus), black clam meat, 2 ice, and 1 water from the landing center (33.3%) | [51] | |
70 raw fish from restaurants | February 2015–February 2016 | Isfahan (Iran) | -1.2. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | None | [52] | |
6 fish and fish products confiscated from passengers on flights from 45 non-European Union countries by the Border Authorities | August 2012–July 2015 | Bilbao International Airport (Spain) and Vienna International Airport (Austria) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4.-3.3. | None | [53] | |
320 raw aquatic food samples from retail outlets and commercial hypermarkets: 142 freshwater fish, 113 saltwater fish, and 65 shrimp | June 2015–June 2016 | China | -1.3.3. -2.5. -3.4.-3.5.-3.3. | -10 isolates by cefoxitin disk diffusion tests -9 isolates were mecA-positive | -ST1/SCCmec III (freshwater fish) -ST25/IVa (freshwater fish) -ST398/III (freshwater fish) -ST59/IVa (freshwater fish) -ST338/IVa (saltwater fish) | [54] |
16 ABF and 30 conventional fish products from retail stores | January–December 2012 | Iowa (USA) | -1.10.1. -2.1.1.-2.2. -3.2.-3.4. | None | [55] | |
150 catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were collected from Bahr Elbaker canal: swab samples from internal organs (pancreas, liver, kidney, and intestine), gills, and skin | Sharkia Governorate (Egypt) | -1.1. -2.4.-2.1.-2.3.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 15/70 (21.4%) of S. aureus isolates | [56] | ||
120 dusky kob fish samples (Argyrosomus japonicus) from two aquaculture dusky kob farms and Kariega estuary (100 from fish farms and 20 from the wild) | November 2014–October 2015 | Cape (South Africa) | -1.3. -2.4. -3.2.-2.10.-3.5.-2.8. | 33/202 (16.3%) of S. aureus isolates: cultured fish (32/33, 97%) and wild catch (1/33, 3%) | -SCCmec I (1), II (1), III (17) (HA-MRSA) -SCCmec IVc (10) (CA-MRSA) -Four strains could not be typed | [7,57] |
93 S. aureus isolates from different food samples in supermarket, food market and retail stores | 2014 | Chengdu (China) | -3.4.-3.2. | None detected with the mecA gene -14/93 (15.05%) resistant to oxacillin: 2 aquatic products | [58] | |
80 samples of raw shellfish from retail markets: 40 samples of mussels and 40 samples of cockles | January–May 2017 | Bangi, Kajang, and Serdang (Malaysia) | -1.3.5. -3.8.-3.2.-3.4. | 7/80 (8.75%): green mussel (4/40, 10%) and blood cockle (3/40, 7.5%) | [59] | |
5 raw processed fish samples from retail vendors | Dhaka (Bangladesh) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 1/5 (20%): fish finger | ST361/t315 | [60] | |
80 samples of Maki salmon and Nigiri salmon from 20 sushi outlets | November–December 2017 | Copenhagen (Denmark) | -Two methods: ·1.1. and 2.8.-2.7. · 1.3.5. and 2.8.-2.7. -3.1.-3.2.-3.4.-3.7. | None | [61] | |
19 seafood samples from markets | Tripoli, Regdalin, Sabha, Benghazi, Janzour, and Tobruk (Libya) | -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.4. | None | [62] | ||
8 raw fish from street food vendors | September 2015–May 2016 | Bareilly (India) | -2.13. -3.2.-3.1. | None | [63] | |
511 S. aureus isolates of aquatic products (freshwater fish, shrimp, and seafood) from 860 samples | July 2011–June 2016 | China | -3.5.-3.3.-3.4. | 26/860 (3%) -31/511 (6.07%) of S. aureus isolates | -ST59 (15), ST1 (4), ST7 (1), ST338 (4), ST630 (1), ST188 (1), ST3304 (1), ST6 (1), ST45 (1), ST88 (1), and not detected (1) -t437 (18), t127 (4), t091 (1), t034 (1), t002 (1), t085 (1), t114 (1), t189 (1), t116 (1), t1764 (1) and t5554 (1) -SCCmec III (5), IVa (21), V (2) and not detected (3) | [64] |
104 fish samples from different retail meat shops | Silchar, Assam (India) | -1.7. -2.4.-2.1. -3.1.-3.4. | 38/104 (36.53%) | [65] | ||
RTE sashimi from Japanese restaurants in Salvador, Brazil. A total of 127 sashimi samples were collected directly from the takeout service in 16 restaurants | -3.1.-3.2. | S. aureus was found in 73% of the sashimi samples, including sashimi from tuna (75.5% of samples) and salmon (72.5% of samples). Among those positive samples, 37% were contaminated with MRSA strains, which were found among 38.8% of salmon sashimi and 34.0% of tuna sashimi | [66] | |||
53 samples (dried, fried, and stewed) of the RTE shellfish (Corbiculid heterodont) from markets | Yenagoa, Bayelsa State (Nigeria) | -2.4. -3.1.-3.4.-3.2. | 35/65 (53.8%) of S. aureus isolates -50% of MRSA isolates showed positive for the mecA gene | [67] | ||
959 samples representing 8 types of animal-based foods (pork, chicken, beef, duck, lamb, aquatic products, eggs, and milk) were collected from randomly selected local markets (including 21 supermarkets and 18 wet markets) | July 2018–August 2019 | Shanghai (China) | -1.8. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [68] | |
104 fish samples from retail meat shops | January–April 2017 | Silchar and Imphal (Northeast India) | -1.7. -2.4.-2.1. -3.1.-3.2. | 38/104 (36.53%): 10.34% isolates harbored the mecA gene | [69] | |
50 samples of salted fish from markets: 25 moloha and 25 fesikh | Kafrelsheikh (Egypt) | -1.1. -2.1.-2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 26/50 (52%): 8 moloha and 12 fesikh | [70] | ||
60 salted fish samples from random places: salted sardine, Feseikh, and Molouha (20 each) | Kafrelsheikh Governorate (Egypt) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.2. | 12/60 (20%): 6 salted sardine, 4 Feseikh, and 2 Molouha | [71] | ||
44 fish and seafood samples from various retail outlets: 13 fish, 7 mussels and clams, 15 crustaceans (shrimp), and 9 cephalopods (squid and octopus) | Spring of 2019 | Gdansk, Gdynia, and Sopot (Poland) | -1.12. -2.2. | 26/44 (59%): 6 cephalopods, 10 crustaceans, 4 mollusks, and 6 fish | [5] | |
10 frozen fish meat samples from 5 open markets | Benin City (Nigeria) | -1.1. -2.4.-2.15. -3.4. | None | [72] | ||
44 samples of fish | January–June 2017 | Southern Assam (India) | -1.7. -2.4. -3.1. | 13/73 (17.8%) of S. aureus isolates resistant to both oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics (41.93% fish samples) | [73] | |
50 freshly preserved salted fish | Gwadar Balochistan area (Pakistan) | -1.7. -2.4. -3.4.-3.2. | 13/50 (26%) | [74] | ||
173 samples comprising diverse piscine fauna from retail markets | August 2019–February 2020 | Assam (India) | -1.3.1. -2.4. -3.4.-3.8.-3.2. | 23/95 (24.21%) of S. aureus isolates | ST88 (23): -SCCmec Type IV/agr I (4): t2526 (3) and not assigned (1) -SCCmec not assigned/agr III (18): t2526 (17) and not assigned (1) -SCCmec Not assigned/agr I/t2526 (1) | [75] |
180 fish samples from fish markets: finfishes, crustaceans, and mollusks (60 of each) | June 2021 –June 2022 | Wayanad district, Kerala (India) | -1.3. -2.1.6. -3.1.-3.2. | -Finfish: 1/54 (1.80%) of S. aureus isolates (most of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin (11.11%), followed by cefoxitin (7.4%)) -Crustaceans: 4/25 (16%) of S. aureus isolates (most of the isolates showed resistance to oxacillin (24%), followed by cefoxitin (16%)) -Mollusks: none (from a total of 43 S. aureus isolates, most of the isolates showed resistance to oxacillin and none of them revealed resistance to cefoxitin) | [76] | |
20 S. aureus isolates from various public bazaars and supermarkets: 11 seawater fish (Sparus aurata), 8 freshwater fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and 1 seawater fish (Dicentrarchus labrax) | Bolu (Northwest Turkey) | -3.2.-3.4. | None | [77] | ||
498 seafood samples from the fish market and the fish processing industries: 108 fresh (raw), 79 chilled, 64 frozen, and 124 processed fish samples, and 76 water and 47 ice samples | 2012–2017 | Veraval region, Gujarat (India) | -ISO 6888–1 and ISO 6888–2:2003 -2.1.-2.25.-2.2. -3.2.-3.4. | 15/498 (3%): 3 fresh, 4 chilled, 2 frozen, and 6 processed fish | MRSA strain isolated from dried ribbon fish: ST 243/spa type t021/SCCmec type V | [8] |
65 fish samples from different foodstuffs | August–November 2021 | Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate (Egypt) | -2.6. -3.3. | 6/65 (9.2%) (none was positive for mecC) | [78] | |
240 samples of Mugil cephalus were chosen from various fish retail marketplaces: mullet fish skin and dorsal muscle samples (120 each) were collected | May 2022–March 2023 | Sharkia Governorate (Egypt) | -1.2. -2.1.1.-2.6. -3.2.-3.4. | 5/45 (11.1%) of S. aureus isolates: 4 skin and 1 muscle | [6] |
Samples | Period | Location | Detection Method | Prevalence | Identification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
270 raw egg samples | July 2008–March 2014 | China | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [79] | |
3 eggs confiscated from passengers on flights from non-EU countries | April 2012–June 2013 | International Bilbao Airport (Spain) | -1.1. -3.4.-3.3. | None | [80] | |
2 egg products from different food markets | August–October 2010 | Wuhou District of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province (China) | -1.4. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | None | [36] | |
455 samples of Indian Rojak food items were collected from 35 different Indian Rojak stalls: 321 cooked items with or without re-heating, 99 serving portions of raw vegetables, and 35 serving portions of gravy | September 2011–January 2012 | Singapore | -1.1. -2.1. -3.2.-3.6.-3.5. | 1/11 of S. aureus isolates (9.09%): 1 egg | [81] | |
227 S. aureus isolates from RTE food and food contact surfaces at retail | 2011–2014 | Singapore | -3.2.-3.6.-3.5. | 1/227 (0.44%) of S. aureus isolates: 1 fried egg | ST80/t1198/SCCmec IV (CA-MRSA) | [82] |
150 samples of chicken products from different farms and markets: 30 unhatched eggs and 30 table eggs | Luxor (Egypt) | -Inoculated: 1.2. -1.1. -2.4. -3.2. | 14/21 (66.7%) of S. aureus isolates | [83] | ||
7 eggs confiscated from passengers on flights from 45 non-European Union countries by the Border Authorities | August 2012–July 2015 | Bilbao International Airport (Spain) and Vienna International Airport (Austria) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4.-3.3. | None | [53] | |
2500 eggs and egg products from supermarket outlets | 2015 | China | -1.7. -2.1.-2.2. -3.2.-3.4. | 14/43 (32.6%) of S. aureus isolates of eggs and egg products | [84] | |
93 S. aureus isolates from different food samples in supermarkets, food markets, and retail stores | 2014 | Chengdu (China) | -3.4.-3.2. | None detected with the mecA gene -14/93 (15.05%) resistant to oxacillin: 1 egg product | [58] | |
300 eggs (220 chicken eggs and 80 quail eggs) from different retail shops and farms | January–June 2017 | Mymensingh (Bangladesh) | -1.6. -2.4. -3.2.-3.4. | 3/23 (13.04%) of S. aureus isolates: chicken eggs -S. aureus isolates resistant to oxacillin: quail eggs (1/4, 25%) and chicken eggs (6/23, 26.1%) | [11] | |
300 table eggs from retail shops | December 2015–May 2016 | Haripur (Pakistan) | -1.1. -2.4. -3.2.-3.4. | 33/300 (11%) | -ST772 (31/33, 94%)/SCCmec IV: t657 (30) and t8645 (1) (CA-MRSA) -ST8/IV/t8645 (2/33, 6%) (associated with USA300) | [12] |
290 eggs comprising 58 composite samples (5 eggs/composite) from either the eggshell or egg contents: from 13 poultry farms (65) and 45 retail outlets (225) | January–April 2016 | Nsukka and Enugu (Nigeria) | -1.2. -2.4.-2.5. -3.6.-3.4. | 43/75 (57.3%) of S. aureus isolates | [85] | |
125 chicken eggs samples were collected from different retail outlets | January–February; and July–August 2019 | Pokhara (Nepal) | -1.1. -2.4. -3.5. | -In winter, 34/50 S. aureus samples were isolated: 2 (5.88%) were confirmed as MRSA -In summer, 55/75 S. aureus samples were isolated: 4 (7.27%) were confirmed as MRSA | [86] | |
33 raw eggs from street food vendors | September 2015–May 2016 | Delhi and Bareilly (India) | -2.3. -3.2.-3.1. | None | [63] | |
275 eggs from household chickens | November 2016–March 2017 | Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) | -1.1. -2.4. -3.4.-3.3. | None | [87] | |
959 samples representing 8 types of animal-based foods (pork, chicken, beef, duck, lamb, aquatic products, egg, and milk) were collected from randomly selected local markets (including 21 supermarkets and 18 wet markets) | July 2018–August 2019 | Shanghai (China) | -1.5. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 23/165 (13.9%) of S. aureus isolates resistant to oxacillin: 2 eggs | [68] | |
393 poultry egg samples from hatcheries (238), retail shops (94), and households (61) | Ludhiana, Punjab (India) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.2.-3.4. | None | [88] | ||
627 fresh brown eggs from 3 poultry farms and 12 retail markets | August 2013–November 2014 | Yangling Shaanxi Province (China) | -1.2. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 3/627 (0.5%) | -CC45/ST45/t116 (1) -CC5/ST5/t002 (2) | [10] |
Samples | Period | Location | Detection Method | Prevalence | Identification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
120 samples from tomato farms: soils and water, protected houses, packing houses, employees; tomatoes and leaves | 2004 | Gyeongnam (Korea) | -1.3.2. -2.4.-2.1.1. -3.4. | 2/14 (14.3%) of S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin: in roller (protected house) and in hydroponic solution -No MRSA in tomatoes and leaves | [89] | |
616 vegetable samples from supermarkets and conventional markets: lettuce, bean sprouts, green bean sprouts, spinach, a young radish, and Chinese cabbage | January 2003–December 2004 | Seoul, Busan, Daejon, and Gwangju (Korea) | -1.3.2. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [90] | |
149 strains isolated from samples of food, such as vegetables | 2004–2010 | Colombia | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [91] | |
53 leaf vegetables samples from markets: sprout, lettuce, and perilla | 2009–2011 | Gyeonggi-do (Korea) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 11/53 (20.75%) -Among the 53 isolates, 15 (28.30%) had a positive reaction on the oxacillin disk test, but 4 of these exhibited negative PCR results for amplification of the mecA gene | [92] | |
102 fresh vegetable and fruit samples from local grocery stores: leafy greens, mushrooms, apples, and pear | July 2010–October 2012 | Shanghai (China) | -1.1. -3.2. | None | [93] | |
32 pickled vegetables and 4 vegetables and fruits from different food markets | August–October 2010 | Wuhou District of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province (China) | -1.5. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 2/103 (1.94%) of S. aureus isolates from pickled vegetables | [36] | |
2162 food samples: pasta, rice, fruit, etc. Collected during official monitoring activities | 2008 | Italy | -1.1. -3.5.-3.4. | None | [94] | |
339 samples of fruits and vegetables (fresh-cut, whole, and frozen) and sprouts were randomly collected from different supermarkets, local stores, and green markets | 2014 | Czech Republic | -1.2. -2.2. -3.2. | 1/339 (0.3%): frozen fruit (unpacked plums) | ST45/t015 (human origin) | [95] |
3000 vegetable salads from supermarket outlets | 2015 | China | -1.4. -2.1.-2.3. -3.2.-3.4. | 1/85 (1.2%) of S. aureus isolates of vegetable salads | [84] | |
50,316 retail market food samples located in 32 provinces | 2011 | China | -1.4. -2.1.-2.3. -3.2.-3.4. | 15 MRSA isolates: 2 in RTE vegetable salads | -ST630 (CC8)/t4549/MLVA Complex MC8 (1 RTE vegetable salad) -ST59 (CC59)/t437/MC621 (1 RTE vegetable salad) | [96] |
419 retail vegetable samples from supermarkets, fairs, and farmers’ markets: 110 tomatoes, 128 cucumbers, 84 lettuces, 87 caraway, and 10 other vegetables | July 2011–June 2016 | China | -1.3.2. -2.5. -3.4.-3.3. | 5/30 (16.7%) of S. aureus isolates: 3 from lettuce and 2 from caraway | -ST59/t437 (3/5, 60%) (2 caraway and 1 lettuce) -ST1/t114 (1 lettuce) -ST7/t2874 (1 lettuce) | [97] |
Bulk RTE foods: 401 fruit and vegetables | 2013–2016 | Sichuan (China) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.3. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | None | [98] | |
S. aureus strains were isolated from retail foods: 42 isolates from edible mushrooms and 30 isolates from vegetables | July 2011–June 2016 | China | -3.5.-3.3.-3.4. | -5/699 (0.7%) edible mushrooms: 7/42 (16.67%) of S. aureus isolates -4/419 (1%) vegetables: 5/30 (16.67%) of S. aureus isolates | -Edible mushrooms: ·ST59/t437 (7): SCCmec IVa (4) and V (3) -Vegetables: ·ST59 (3), ST1 (1) and ST7 (1) ·t437 (3), t114 (1) and t2874 (1) ·SCCmec IVa (3), IVd (1) and not detected (1) | [64] |
397 samples comprised of 16 different raw leafy vegetables from selected wet markets | May 2015–March 2016 | Malaysia | -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 9/42 (21.4%) of S. aureus isolates | [99] | |
33 raw vegetables samples from a Moroccan hospital kitchen | May 2015–June 2016 | Fez (Morocco) | -1.2. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 1/7 (14.28%) of S. aureus isolates | [100] | |
143 plant-based products from 10 specialty markets selling imported foods: 88 frozen and 55 dried items | February–May 2017 | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Canada) | -1.2. -2.4. -3.4.-3.3. | 2/7 (28.6%) of S. aureus isolates | -ST834 (1) -NT | [4] |
350 samples from retail centers: 180 raw vegetable and 170 salad samples | September 2019–January 2020 | Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province (Iran) | -1.3.1. -2.1.1. -3.1.-3.2.-3.4. | 26/45 (57.77%) of S. aureus isolates: 8 vegetable and 18 salads | [101] | |
143 samples of RTE fruits and vegetables were sold at 2 farmers’ markets, 2 supermarkets, and 2 e-commerce stores: 66 samples were fruits (13 fresh-cut honeydew melon, 13 fresh-cut watermelon, 10 cherry tomato, 10 fresh-cut pear, 10 fresh-cut peach, and 10 grape), and 77 were vegetables (37 lettuce, 15 chicory, 6 purple cabbage, 7 cucumber, 5 coriander, and 7 carrot) | June–September 2021 | Shanghai (China) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4.-3.3. | 3/47 (6.4%) of S. aureus isolates: lettuce, pear, and cherry tomato | SCCmecIV/ST7208 (3) | [14] |
Samples | Period | Location | Detection Method | Prevalence | Identification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
98 samples from the food service environments of elementary schools: drinking water, kitchen utensils, cookers, and cooked foods | November–December 2000 | Gyeongnam (Korea) | -1.3.3. -2.4. -3.4. | None | [102] | |
106 samples of RTE foods from 2 food centers (hospital and student cafeteria), and a local market | A period of 3 months | Songkhla (Thailand) | -Homogenized: 1.2. -1.1. -2.1. -3.4. | 22/106 (20.75%) were resistant to oxacillin | [103] | |
148 presumptive S. aureus isolates from 21 food products | 2006–2008 | Portugal | -1.1. -2.1.2. -3.2.-3.4. | 56/148 (38%) of the isolates were resistant to oxacillin | [104] | |
29 S. aureus isolates from different retail processed foods | 2003–2006 | Korea | -1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [28] | |
693 food samples associated with foodborne investigations submitted to the Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, from restaurants, retail facilities, or private homes | January 2007–December 2010 | Alberta (Canada) | -1.1. -3.2. | None | [105] | |
80 RTE salad samples of 4 salads: cheese, fish roe, eggplant, and tzatziki (20 samples of each) 50 samples of 5 basic salad ingredients: feta cheese, mytzithra, mayonnaise, fish roe, and roasted egg pulp (10 samples of each) | Six-month period | Greece | -Two methods: ·1.1. ·1.3.4. -2.1.2. -3.4. | None | [106] | |
40 cooked meat products and 20 ice creams from markets, a large grand hotel, and farms | April–November 2011 | Anhui (China) | -1.1. -3.4. | None | [30] | |
267 S. aureus strains isolated from 244 RTE foods (precooked foods, meat and fish products, cheese, delicatessen salads, sandwiches and canapés, confectionery and bakery products, and various other RTE foods) | August 2007– July 2008 | Switzerland | -1.1. -2.11.1. -3.2.-2.9. | 2/267 (1%) of S. aureus isolates had mecA -Two strains had genes involved in methicillin resistance (mecA and delta_mecR) but were phenotypically methicillin sensitive as determined by streaking them on chromID agar | [107] | |
120 dumplings, 490 RTE foods, 228 powdered infant formula, and 422 infant rice cereal from supermarkets and farmers markets | July 2008–December 2012 | Shaanxi (China) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.4. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | -3/490 (0.6%) RTE food samples -3/120 (2.5%) dumpling samples | -ST9/SCCmec IVb/t899: 1 dumpling -ST88/II/t10793: 2 dumpling -ST88/V/New spa type: 2 dumpling -ST630/SCCmec NT/t377: 1 RTE food -ST59/NT/t437: 1 RTE food -ST59/NT/t437: 1 RTE food | [108] |
63 samples of prepared foods: 15 chicken, 15 beef, 15 pork, and 18 fish from the kitchens of public hospitals | July 2011–May 2012 | Salvador (Brazil) | -First: 1.4. -Second: 1.7. -2.10. -3.7. | 6/63 (9.5%): chicken products (1/15, 6.7%), pork products (1/15, 6.7%), and fish products (4/18, 22.2%) | [33] | |
490 RTE foods, 120 dumplings, and 447 infant rice cereals | July 2008–March 2014 | China | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.4. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | None | [79] | |
200 food samples sold in a black market at an EU border: 13% others (e.g., eggs, biscuits, spices) | July 2012–February 2013 | Galati (Romania) | -1.1. -3.4.-3.3. | None | [35] | |
100 food samples from the kitchen of a catering firm | Kars (Turkey) | -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.2. | 4/100 (4%) | [109] | ||
61 frozen food samples (various quick-frozen dumplings with meat and vegetable fillings) which were stored under the freezing conditions for transportation and sale; 68 processed soybean products (35 fresh tofu, 16 tofu skin, and 17 dried tofu products) from local grocery stores | July 2010–October 2012 | Shanghai (China) | -1.1. -3.2. | 1/20 (5%) of S. aureus isolates in frozen foods -None in processed soybean products | -ST88 (CC88)/agr III (1) (HA-MRSA) | [93] |
3 rice products, 31 cooked meat products, 15 soybean products, 5 dry cakes, and 3 confections from different food markets | August–October 2010 | Wuhou District of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province (China) | -1.5. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 6/103 (5.83%) of S. aureus isolates: 3 cooked meat products, 2 soybean products, and 1 confection | [36] | |
455 samples of Indian Rojak food items were collected from 35 different Indian Rojak stalls: 321 cooked items with or without re-heating, 99 serving portions of raw vegetables, and 35 serving portions of gravy Additional raw RTE ingredients: 20 raw cucumber, 20 onion, 20 green chili, 40 raw tofu, and 39 fishcake samples from wet markets and supermarkets | September 2011–January 2012 | Singapore | -1.1. -2.1. -3.2.-3.7.-3.5. | 2/11 of S. aureus isolates (18.2%): 1 from onions and 1 from prawn fritters from the same Rojak stall | [81] | |
120 food samples from doner kebab restaurants, retail markets, butchers, and barns: 20 chicken doner kebabs | July 2012–March 2013 | Kırşehir (Turkey) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.8. -2.1.1. -3.2. | None | [110] | |
60 natural untreated and unpasteurized honey samples from different botanical sources purchased in bulk from village open markets | Epirus (Greece) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4. | 8/60 (13.3%) positive S. aureus: 35% resistant to oxacillin | [17] | ||
200 samples of raw and RTE Food illegally sold from a market at the eastern EU Border: 13% other food products (spices, dried fruits, jellies, gingerbread, and candies) from the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, and Bulgaria | July 2012– February 2013 | Galati (Romania) | -1.1. -2.1.2. -3.8. | None | [40] | |
550 RTE foods from retail markets: 119 cooked pork, 153 cooked chicken, 127 cooked duck, 53 cold vegetable dishes in sauce, 52 cold noodles, and 46 fried rice/sushi samples | December 2011–May 2014 | China | -1.3.3. -2.5. -3.4.-3.3. | -7/69 of S. aureus isolates were identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion test: 2 cold noodles, 2 cooked duck, 1 cooked chicken, 1 fired rice/sushi, and 1 cold vegetables dish in sauce -6 isolates were mecA-positive (all except for cold vegetable dishes in sauce) | -ST59/SCCmec IVa (2B) (cooked duck) (2/6, 33.3%) (CA-MRSA) -ST338/V (5C2) (cold noodles) (CA-MRSA) -ST3239 (novel ST)/SCCmec NT (2/) (cold noodles) -ST9/undescribed SCCmec (2C2) (cooked chicken) (LA-MRSA) -ST1/V (5C2) (fired rice/sushi) (CA-MRSA) | [111] |
227 S. aureus isolates from RTE food and food contact surfaces in a retail environment | 2011–2014 | Singapore | -3.2.-3.7.-3.5. | 5/227 (2.2%) of S. aureus isolates: 1 sliced onion, 1 prawn fritters, 1 fried egg, and 2 swabs of food handlers’ gloves | SCCmec IV (5) (CA-MRSA): -ST80/t1198 (3) (from sliced onion, prawn fritters, fried egg) -ST6/t304 (2) (from swabs of food handlers’ gloves) | [82] |
78 CPS were collected in a routine analysis from several food companies (1454 food samples) | 2009 | Porto (Portugal) | -1.1. -2.4. -3.2.-3.4. | 4/73 (5.5%) of S. aureus isolates: 1 from a fermented meat product, 2 from RTE, and 1 from a pastry product -Of the S. aureus isolates resistant to oxacillin (5.5%), only one was mecA-positive. The other three MRSA strains did not show oxacillin resistance aside from the presence of the mecA gene | SCCmec IV (1 fermented meat product), V (2 RTE) and NT (1 pastry) | [112] |
31 meat barbecue, 82 chicken barbecue, 19 grilled fish, 94 soup, 56 salad, and 119 cooked rice samples from big hospitals | June 2015–June 2016 | Isfahan (Iran) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.1. -2.1.1. -3.1.-3.2. | -12/132 (9.09%) cooked foods with animal origin: 5 meat barbecue and 7 chicken barbecue -11/269 (4.08%) cooked foods without animal origin: 6 soups, 4 salads, and 1 rice -All of the S. aureus isolates of meat barbecue, chicken barbecue, soup, and salad samples had complete resistance against methicillin | -The prevalence of bovine-, ovine-, poultry-, and human-based biotypes in the MRSA strains isolated from various types of hospital food samples were 8.10, 8.10, 32.43, and 48.64%, respectively -The biotypes of the 2.70% of MRSA strains were determined as unknown -All of the MRSA strains recovered from soup, salad, and rice samples were related to human-based biotypes | [47] |
Sampling of 44 raw and cooked food materials and 65 swab samples of cooking utensils in a hospital kitchen | April 2011–January 2013 | Tehran (Iran) | -1.1. -2.4.-2.7.-2.3. -3.4. | -7/44 (16.66%) foods -32/65 (50%) utensils | [113] | |
910 hospital food samples: 308 meat, 142 poultry, 179 fruit, 455 vegetable, 210 dairy/eggs, 376 bread/grains, 1 nut, and 200 other samples | May 2011–July 2012 | St Louis, Missouri (USA) | -1.3.2. -2.3.1.-2.8. -3.6.-3.4. | 29/910 (3.2%): meat (7/308, 2%), poultry (2/142, 1%), fruit (2/179, 1%), 14/455 vegetable (3%), 7/210 dairy/eggs (3%), 19/376 bread/grains (5%) and 9/200 other (5%) (veggie burger, sauce, pudding, jelly, 2 gravy, fish, 2 cake) | SCCmec II (9/29, 31%), III (2/29, 7%), and IV (18/29, 62%) | [15] |
500 different food samples: 137 vegetarian items, 69 non-vegetarian items, 87 dairy products, 72 bakery, and 135 processed products collected from a bakery, market, hospital canteen, and street vendors | Mysuru (India) | -1.2. -2.1.-2.4.2. -3.2.-3.4.-3.6. | 152/152 (100%) of S. aureus isolates | [114] | ||
Food samples from food processing industries: 105 candy, 50 candy mix, 85 dates, 15 formula milk, 40 lentil, 30 mayonnaise, 100 meat product, 75 paratha, 109 rice, 40 samosa, and 338 spices mix samples | 2013–2016 | Karachi (Pakistan) | -2.1.1.-2.4.-2.3.-2.5. -3.2. | -10/105 (9.52%) in candies -4/50 (8%) in candy mix -6/85 (7.06%) in dates -3/40 (7.5%) in lentils -3/30 (10%) in mayonnaise -7/100 (7%) in meat products -14/75 (18.67%) in paratha -10/109 (9.17%) in rice -4/40 (10%) in samosa -17/338 (5.03%) in spices mix | -Candies: SCCmecA type II (2), III (2), IV (6), agr type I (2) and agr II (8) -Candy mix: SCCmecA II/agr II (4) -Dates: SCCmecA IV/agr II (6) -Lentils: SCCmecA IV/agr I (1) and agr II (2) -Mayonnaise: SCCmecA II/agr I (3) -Meat products: SCCmecA III (3), IV (4), agr I (3) and agr II (4) -Paratha: SCCmecA II (3), IV (11), agr I (6) and agr II (8) -Rice: SCCmecA IV/agr I (2) and agr II (8) -Samosa: agr I/SCCmecA II (2) and SCCmecA IV (2) -Spices mix: SCCmecA IV/agr II (17) | [48] |
100 cooked meat, 100 cooked chicken, 100 cooked fish, and 70 soup samples from restaurants | February 2015–February 2016 | Isfahan (Iran) | -1.2. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 60/119 (50.42%) of S. aureus isolates: 25 cooked meat, 30 cooked chicken, 3 cooked fish, and 2 soup -The prevalence of MRSA strains in all samples was higher in winter seasons than other seasons of the year | -SCCmec V (15 cooked meat, 18 cooked chicken, 2 cooked fish, and 2 soup), -IVa (14 cooked meat, 18 cooked chicken, 2 cooked fish, and 2 soup), -IVb (7 cooked meat, 10 cooked chicken, 1 cooked fish, and 1 soup) -II (2 cooked meat and 2 cooked chicken) -I (2 cooked meat and 3 cooked chicken) -III (3 cooked meat, 3 cooked chicken, and 1 cooked fish) -IVc (5 cooked meat, 6 cooked chicken, and 1 cooked fish) -IVd (2 cooked meat and 4 cooked chicken) | [52] |
3000 rice- and flour products, 3000 sandwiches, 2000 milk products, 500 condiments, 500 bean products), and 500 fruit desserts from supermarket outlets | 2015 | China | -1.9. -2.1.-2.3. -3.2.-3.4. | -9/90 (10%) of S. aureus isolates of rice- and flour products -5/69 (7.2%) of S. aureus isolates of sandwiches -1/14 (7.1%) of S. aureus isolates of other foods | [84] | |
50,316 retail market food samples located in 32 provinces | 2011 | China | -1.9. -2.1.-2.3. -3.2.-3.4. | 15 MRSA isolates: 5 cooked meat and 2 cooked noodles | -ST9 (CC9): t437/MLVA Complex MC621 (2 cooked meat) and t030/MC8 (1 cooked noodles) -ST903 (CC9)/t172/MC621 (1 cooked meat) -ST10 (CC10)/t1244/NMC (1 cooked meat) -ST59 (CC59)/t337/MC621 (1 cooked meat) -ST338 (CC59)/t437/MC621 (1 cooked noodles) | [96] |
495 food samples from foodstuffs: 105 cooked dishes with samples of foods prepared with chicken (45, e.g., roasted chicken and chicken stew) and beef (60, e.g., seasoned beef strips, beef stew with vegetables, boeuf rôti, and steak) | November 2014–November 2015 | Algeria | -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.3.-3.4. | 26/153 (17%): 2 roasted chicken samples and 1 steak -40 S. aureus isolates exhibited a methicillin-resistance phenotype -33/153 (21.5%) of S. aureus isolates were resistant to cefoxitin | SCCmec IV (1 roasted chicken and 1 steak) and V (1 roasted chicken) | [115] |
9646 food samples: grain products, meat products, milk products, fishery products, drinks, pastry, fruit products and vegetable products, etc. | 2013–2015 | Yunnan (China) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.4. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | 74/251 (29.5%) | -ST1/t1775/SCCmec IV (4) -ST5/t002/IV (9) -ST6/t701/IV (27) -ST7/t091: IV (4) and NT (4) -ST59/t437: IV (9) and V (15) -ST88/t10777/IV (2) | [116] |
127 S. aureus isolates from RTE food samples: 55 from fresh meat, 18 from meat products, 17 from fruits and vegetables, and 37 from cereal products | July 2013–December 2015 | Zhengzhou (China) | -3.4.-3.2. | 38/127 (29.92%) of S. aureus isolates | -t002/agrII/SCCmec III (6/38) -t701/agrI/III (3/38) -t437/agrI/IVa (3/38) -SCCmec type III (23/38, 60.53%), IVa (4/38, 10.53%), and NT (11/38) | [117] |
93 S. aureus isolates from different food samples in supermarkets, food markets, and retail stores | 2014 | Chengdu (China) | -3.4.-3.2. | None detected with the mecA gene -14/93 (15.05%) were resistant to oxacillin: 5 cooked meat, 2 pickle, and 1 fresh food samples | [58] | |
8700 foods from local markets | 2007–2015 | Sichuan (China) | -1.6. -2.2. -3.2.-3.4. | 19/8700 (0.2%): 6 retail food cake, 1 retail food cooked rice, 1 retail food cooked noodle, and 6 retail food cooked pork | -ST965/t062/SCCmec III (2 retail food cakes) -ST1/t114/IVb (1 retail food cake) -ST9/IVb: t899 (1 retail food cooked pork) and t1939 (2 retail food cooked pork) -ST59/IVa/t437 (2 retail food cooked pork, 3 retail food cakes, and 1 retail food cooked rice) -ST NT/V/t15995/(1 retail food cooked noodle) -ST338/IVb/t437 (1 retail food cooked pork) | [118] |
112 RTE foods and 35 processed raw meat samples from retail vendors | Dhaka (Bangladesh) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.4.-3.2. | -7/112 (6.3%) in RTE foods: burger, sweet, beef kebab, salad, pastry, fuska, and chapati -1/35 (2.9%) in processed raw meat: meat ball | -ST80 (3): t1198 (2, burger and sweet) and t8731 (1, meat ball) -ST6 (2): t304 (1, beef kebab) and t10546 (1, salad) -ST239 (2): t275 (1, pastry) and t037 (1, fuska) -ST361/t315 (1, chapati) | [60] | |
Bulk RTE foods: 1209 meat products, 200 dairy products, and 350 desserts | 2013–2016 | Sichuan (China) | -First: 1.2. -Second: 1.3.4. -2.1.1. -3.2.-3.4. | -1/31 (3.23%) of S. aureus isolates in meat products -2/8 (25%) of S. aureus isolates in desserts -None in dairy products | [98] | |
120 RTE beef products from some public restaurants and street vendors: kofta, burger, shawarma, and luncheon meat samples (30 of each) | Benha (Egypt) | -3.2.-3.4. | 2/8 (25%) of examined isolates -61 S. aureus isolates: resistant to oxacillin (70.5%) and methicillin (70.5%) | [119] | ||
107 RTE (lassi, rasmalai, burfi, pedha, curd, rasgulla, salad, chutney, and masala) and 38 cooked food samples (chicken gravy, omelet, cooked fish, boiled egg, and boiled milk) from street food vendors | September 2015–May 2016 | Delhi and Bareilly (India) | -2.6. -3.2.-3.1. | None | [63] | |
S. aureus strains were isolated from retail foods: 368 isolates from quick-frozen products (frozen dumplings/steamed stuffed buns and frozen meat), and 148 isolates from RTE food (cold vegetable/noodle dishes in sauce, fried rice/sushi, roast meat, sausage, and ham) | July 2011–June 2016 | China | -3.5.-3.3.-3.4. | -9/859 (1.1%) RTE food: 11/148 (7.43%) of S. aureus isolates -16/601 (2.7%) quick-frozen food: 20/368 (5.43%) of S. aureus isolates | -RTE food: ·ST59 (7), ST9 (1), ST1 (2) and ST338 (1) ·t437 (8), t899 (1), t127 (1) and t085 (1) ·SCCmec IVa (7), IVb (1), V (1) and not detected (1) -Quick-frozen food: ·ST59 (5), ST9 (9), ST398 (3), ST630 (1), ST5 (1) and ST10 (1) ·t437 (2), t899 (8), t127 (1), t034 (2), t002 (1), t1751 (1), t441 (2), t377 (1), t4549 (1) and t528 (1) ·SCCmec III (1), IVa (5), IVb (9), V (3) and not detected (3) | [64] |
150 hot meals, 54 salads, and 24 pastries from Moroccan hospital kitchen | May 2015–June 2016 | Fez (Morocco) | -1.2. -2.1.1. -3.4.-3.2. | -2/2 (100%) of S. aureus isolates in hot meals -None in salads and pastries | [100] | |
120 samples (60 samosa and 60 falafel) from licensed food vendors | 2015–2016 | Hamedan (Iran) | -1.1. -2.1.3. -3.4.-3.2. | 10/57 (17.58%) of S. aureus isolates: 5 samosa and 5 falafel samples -Only 7 mecA-positive isolates were resistant to oxacillin | [120] | |
83 pastries and 35 sandwiches samples from cafeteria and creameries | 2017–2018 | Tizi Ouzou (Algeria) | -2.1.1. -3.3.-3.4. | None | [121] | |
24 commercially processed ready-to-eat products from different vendors: 12 edible worms (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) and 12 snails (Archachatina marginata) | November–December 2019 | Benin City (Nigeria) | -1.1. -2.4.-2.4.1. -3.4. | Resistant to oxacillin: -Edible worm: 9/30 (30%) of S. aureus isolates -Snail: 7/22 (31.8%) of S. aureus isolates | [18] | |
357 hospital food samples from 13 hospitals: 321 cooked foods and 36 ready-to-eat salads (36 meat barbecue, 36 chicken barbecue, 36 cooked meat, 36 cooked chicken, 33 fried fish, 36 cooked rice, 36 dill rice, 72 mixed or bean rice (mixed rice cooked with either red meat, poultry, vegetables, and/or beans), and 36 soup and 36 salad samples) | August 2019–January 2020 | Mashhad (Iran) | -1.3.3 -2.1.3. -3.1.-3.2.-3.4. | 20/87 (22.98%) of S. aureus isolates: 1 dill rice, 1 cooked rice, 1 cooked meat, 1 cooked chicken, 2 soup, 2 fried fish, 3 salad, 4 meat barbecue, and 5 chicken barbecue samples | [122] | |
100 sandwich samples of shawarma poultry meat from fast-food shops | Al-Ahsa (Saudi Arabia) | -1.1. -2.1.1. -3.4. | 5/14 (35.7%) of S. aureus isolates were found to be positive for MRSA in an antibiogram analysis | [123] | ||
420 RTE food samples, comprising 70 of each food type from vendors: fruit salad, suya (roasted beef), cake, boiled rice, bread, and meat hotpot (cooked meat in tomato sauce) | February–August 2020 | Buea (Cameroon) | -1.1. -2.1. -3.2.-3.4. | 4/420 (0.95%): 1 fruit salad, 1 bread, and 2 meat hotpot samples | [19] |
Samples | Period | Location | Detection Method | Prevalence | Identification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
98 samples from the food service environments of elementary schools: drinking water, kitchen utensils, cookers, and cooked foods | November–December 2000 | Gyeongnam (Korea) | -1.2. -2.4. -3.4. | 1/5 (20%) of drinking water samples were resistant to oxacillin | [102] | |
2 sampling campaigns were conducted in order to collect 18, 26, and 26 water samples from River Nile, treated raw water, and groundwater, respectively | October 2011–March 2012 | Sohag (Egypt) | -3.2.-3.4. | None | [124] | |
16 wastewater samples (8 influent, 8 effluent) of 6 urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTP) | December 2012–February 2013 | La Rioja (Spain) | -Two methods: ·1.1. ·1.3. -2.4.-2.5. -3.4.-3.3. | Only ST398 S. aureus: obtained from an effluent water sample | -ST398/t011 | [125] |
50 drinking water specimens from drinking water supplies | Al-Anbar Province (Iraq) | -1.1. -2.6.-2.3.-2.4. -3.4. | 12/50 (24%) | [126] | ||
552 water samples were collected monthly from 4 public parks: 468 drinking water fountains and 84 biofilm from mist makers | March 2017–March 2018 | São Paulo city | -2.1. -3.1.-3.2. | The mecA gene was only detected in samples from drinking water fountains. Out of 30 isolates, 11 carried the mecA gene (36.7%) | [23] | |
48 grab samples from a drinking water reservoir system | August 2018–June 2019 | Germany | -1.1. -2.2. -3.4. | None | [127] | |
50 water samples from domestic storage tanks | Winter of 2019 | Sidon (Lebanon) | -2.4. -3.1.-3.2. | Of the detected S. aureus samples, 21% were resistant to the cefoxitin agent: 79.3% of the samples were mecA-negative and 20.7% were mecA-positive | [21] |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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González-Machado, C.; Alonso-Calleja, C.; Capita, R. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Different Food Groups and Drinking Water. Foods 2024, 13, 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172686
González-Machado C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Different Food Groups and Drinking Water. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172686
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzález-Machado, Camino, Carlos Alonso-Calleja, and Rosa Capita. 2024. "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Different Food Groups and Drinking Water" Foods 13, no. 17: 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172686