Effect on the Antioxidant Properties of Native Chilean Endemic Honeys Treated with Ionizing Radiation to Remove American Foulbrood Spores
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Samples
2.2. Identification of Botanical Origin by Melissopalynological Analysis
2.3. Microbiological Detection of Spores of Paenibacillus larvae in Honey Samples
2.4. Dosimetric Assays
2.5. Preparation of Honey Solutions for Colorimetric Assays
2.6. Total Phenolic Compound Content
2.7. Determination of Antiradical Activity—DPPH Assay
2.8. Determination of Antioxidant Capacity in Honey—FRAP Assay
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Geographical and Botanical Origin of Honey Samples
3.2. Detection of Spores of P. larvae in Honey Content
3.3. Dosimetric Assays and Selection of Radiation Dose Levels
3.4. Phenolic Compound Content in Honeys before and after Irradiation Treatments
3.5. Antiradical and Antioxidant Activities in Honeys before and after Radiation Treatments
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- This study allowed us to analyze honey samples from an extensive range of Chilean territory. In this way, we were able to verify the presence of spores in honeys produced in areas with previous reports of American foulbrood, but it was not widely distributed throughout the country. In this sense, we can conclude that ionizing radiation was able to control the presence of American foulbrood spores (Paenibacillus larvae). The dose used in this study was in the range commonly applied to food.
- It was evidenced that the phenol content and the antiradical activity (DPPH assay) were increased with the application of both doses (low and medium) with respect to the untreated honey, but no clear trend in this modification between the phenol content and the botanical origin of the monofloral honey samples was observed.
- Our results suggest the strategic need to define territories according to botanical, geographical and ecological criteria for the characterization of honeys and, therefore, to increase their value in terms of bioactive compounds and absence of bee diseases.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Región of Chile | Species 1 | Grains of Pollen (%) | Species 2 | Grains of Pollen (%) | Species 3 | Grains of Pollen (%) | Total Grains of Pollen | Presence of Spores of P. larvae |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Coquimbo | Escallonia pulverulenta | 67.49 | Olea/Citrus | 8.78 | Eucalyptus sp. | 6.29 | 683 | Yes |
2 | Coquimbo | Brassica rapa (a) | 33.22 | Eucalyptus sp. | 12.58 | Trifolium repens (a) | 8.71 | 620 | Yes |
3 | Coquimbo | Brassica rapa (a) | 74.13 | Eucalyptus sp. | 5.9 | Trifolium repens (a) | 4.54 | 661 | Yes |
4 | Coquimbo | Tecophilaceae | 33.39 | Quillaja saponaria | 28.87 | Lotus corniculatus | 7.9 | 620 | Yes |
5 | Coquimbo | Quillaja saponaria | 77.18 | Medicago sp | 6.25 | Trifolium repens (a) | 3.92 | 688 | Yes |
6 | Coquimbo | Prosopis | 69.09 | Brassica rapa | 10.86 | Tecophilaceae | 4.34 | 783 | Yes |
7 | Metropolitana | Medicago sp. | 15.95 | Luma chequen | 10.4 | Eucalyptus sp. | 9.11 | 702 | No |
8 | Metropolitana | Quillaja saponaria | 78.28 | Medicago sp. | 4.87 | Lotus corniculatus | 3.11 | 677 | Yes |
9 | Metropolitana | Brassica rapa (a) | 23.12 | Quillaja saponaria | 16.85 | Luma chequen | 13.65 | 713 | No |
10 | Metropolitana | Medicago sp. | 25.25 | Quillaja saponaria | 21.66 | Robinia pseudoacacia (a) | 11.47 | 697 | No |
11 | Metropolitana | Brassica rapa (a) | 22.73 | Tecophilaceae | 15.39 | Schinus polygamus | 11.36 | 695 | No |
12 | Metropolitana | Quillaja saponaria | 57.58 | Medicago sp. | 10.67 | Brassica rapa (a) | 4.21 | 712 | No |
13 | Metropolitana | Eucalyptus sp. | 21.25 | Robinia pseudoacacia (a) | 20.43 | Luma chequen | 18.39 | 734 | No |
14 | Metropolitana | Quillaja saponaria | 47.89 | Luma chequen | 19.34 | Medicago sp. | 12.45 | 697 | No |
15 | Metropolitana | Brassica rapa (a) | 39.67 | Quillaja saponaria | 15.34 | Schinus polygamus | 9.67 | 654 | No |
16 | O´Higgins | Galega officinalis (a) | 52.64 | Lotus corniculatus | 20.16 | Aristotelia chilensis | 5.12 | 625 | No |
17 | O´Higgins | Medicago sp. (a) | 31.58 | Lotus corniculatus | 25.27 | Galega officinalis (a) | 1001 | 649 | No |
18 | Biobio | Medicago sp. (a) | 38.76 | Lotus corniculatus | 12.16 | Aristotelia chilensis | 10.32 | 707 | No |
19 | Biobio | Castanea sativa | 55.52 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 12.42 | Medicago sp. | 7.52 | 652 | No |
20 | Araucania | Cladcluvia paniculata | 28.71 | Lotus pedunculatus | 23.76 | Escallonia rubra | 19.93 | 627 | No |
21 | Los Rios | Caldcluvia paniculata | 38.89 | Lotus pedunculatus | 26.58 | Buddleja globosa | 10.85 | 617 | No |
22 | Los Rios | Eucryphia cordifolia | 96.06 | Lotus pedunculatus | 1.57 | Buddleja globosa | 0.94 | 636 | No |
23 | Los Rios | Eucryphia cordifolia | 96.91 | Gevuina avellana | 1.21 | Luma apiculata | 1.07 | 744 | No |
24 | Los Rios | Caldcluvia paniculata | 77.11 | Lotus pedunculatus | 6.96 | Luma apiculata | 6.69 | 747 | No |
25 | Los Rios | Aristotelia chilensis | 49.84 | Lotus pedunculatus | 9.96 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 7.52 | 612 | No |
26 | Los Rios | Eucryphia cordifolia | 53.32 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 9.82 | Buddleja globosa | 8.61 | 662 | No |
27 | Los Rios | Caldcluvia paniculata | 45.43 | Buddleja globosa | 11.12 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 10.21 | 656 | No |
28 | Los Rios | Eucryphia cordifolia | 78.03 | Escallonia rubra | 3.23 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 3.07 | 651 | No |
29 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 87.26 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 9.22 | Buddleja globosa | 2.19 | 683 | No |
30 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 59.89 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 30.57 | Trifolium pratense (a) | 2.49 | 723 | No |
31 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 89.31 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 6.72 | Aristotelia chilensis | 2.14 | 655 | No |
32 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 88.13 | Aristotelia chilensis | 10.71 | Lotus pedunculatus | 0.43 | 691 | No |
33 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 95.65 | Aristotelia chilensis | 2.39 | Cissus striata | 0.9 | 667 | No |
34 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 55.83 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 33.83 | Buddleja globosa | 5.42 | 609 | No |
35 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 77.98 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 12.66 | Buddleja globosa | 3.58 | 727 | No |
36 | Los Rios | Caldcluvia paniculata | 77.46 | Azara microphylla | 10.67 | Lotus pedunculatus | 5.11 | 684 | No |
37 | Los Rios | Eucryphia cordifolia | 82.66 | Azara microphylla | 14.22 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 0.94 | 640 | No |
38 | Los Rios | Eucryphia cordifolia | 60.32 | Azara microphylla | 32.67 | Lotus pedunculatus | 3.73 | 698 | No |
39 | Los Rios | Weinmannia trichosperma | 86.34 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 6.19 | Aristotelia chilensis | 3.78 | 639 | No |
40 | Los Lagos | Tepualia stipularis | 52.42 | Lotus pedunculatus | 17.79 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 12.48 | 641 | No |
41 | Los Lagos | Tepualia stipularis | 58.23 | Lotus pedunculatus | 23.61 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 7.58 | 699 | No |
42 | Los Lagos | Trifolium repens | 43.08 | Medicago sp. | 14.41 | Lomatia sp. | 12.69 | 701 | No |
43 | Los Lagos | Caldcluvia paniculata | 90.32 | Lotus pedunculatus | 3.99 | Tepualia stipularis | 3.84 | 651 | No |
44 | Los Lagos | Luma apiculata | 59.38 | Trifolium repens | 18.32 | Tepualia stipularis | 5.91 | 677 | No |
45 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifolia | 91.61 | Tepualia stipularis | 4.28 | Lotus pedunculatus | 3.67 | 655 | No |
46 | Los Lagos | Caldcluvia paniculata | 94.01 | Tepualia stipularis | 1.89 | Luma apiculata | 1.61 | 751 | No |
47 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifolia | 89.74 | Tepualia stipularis | 4.24 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 2.61 | 614 | No |
48 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifolia | 96.74 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 1.71 | Tepualia stipularis | 0.93 | 645 | No |
49 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifola | 96.05 | Lotus pedunculatus | 1.11 | Trifolium pratense | 0.79 | 633 | No |
50 | Los Lagos | Tepualia stipularis | 31.53 | Luma apiculata | 26.72 | Caldcluvia paniculata | 24.82 | 685 | No |
51 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifolia | 35.48 | Tepualia stipularis | 34.98 | Lotus pedunculatus | 11.39 | 606 | No |
52 | Los Lagos | Caldcluvia paniculata | 81.54 | Lotus pedunculatus | 6.27 | Tepualia stipularis | 5.96 | 665 | No |
53 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifolia | 92.36 | Tepualia stipularis | 1.98 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 1.53 | 632 | No |
54 | Los Lagos | Eucryphia cordifolia | 96.74 | Weinmannia trichosperma | 1.71 | Tepualia stipularis | 0.93 | 681 | No |
Sample | Region of Chile | Presence of Spores of P. larvae |
---|---|---|
1 | Coquimbo | Yes |
2 | Coquimbo | Yes |
3 | Coquimbo | Yes |
4 | Coquimbo | Yes |
5 | Coquimbo | Yes |
6 | Coquimbo | Yes |
7 | Metropolitana | No |
8 | Metropolitana | Yes |
9 | Metropolitana | No |
10 | Metropolitana | No |
11 | Metropolitana | No |
12 | Metropolitana | No |
13 | Metropolitana | No |
14 | Metropolitana | No |
15 | Metropolitana | No |
16 | O´Higgins | No |
17 | O´Higgins | No |
18 | Biobio | No |
19 | Biobio | No |
20 | Araucania | No |
21 | Los Rios | No |
22 | Los Rios | No |
23 | Los Rios | No |
24 | Los Rios | No |
25 | Los Rios | No |
26 | Los Rios | No |
27 | Los Rios | No |
28 | Los Rios | No |
29 | Los Rios | No |
30 | Los Rios | No |
31 | Los Rios | No |
32 | Los Rios | No |
33 | Los Rios | No |
34 | Los Rios | No |
35 | Los Rios | No |
36 | Los Rios | No |
37 | Los Rios | No |
38 | Los Rios | No |
39 | Los Rios | No |
40 | Los Lagos | No |
41 | Los Lagos | No |
42 | Los Lagos | No |
43 | Los Lagos | No |
44 | Los Lagos | No |
45 | Los Lagos | No |
46 | Los Lagos | No |
47 | Los Lagos | No |
48 | Los Lagos | No |
49 | Los Lagos | No |
50 | Los Lagos | No |
51 | Los Lagos | No |
52 | Los Lagos | No |
53 | Los Lagos | No |
54 | Los Lagos | No |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mejías, E.; Gomez, C.; Garrido, T. Effect on the Antioxidant Properties of Native Chilean Endemic Honeys Treated with Ionizing Radiation to Remove American Foulbrood Spores. Foods 2024, 13, 2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172710
Mejías E, Gomez C, Garrido T. Effect on the Antioxidant Properties of Native Chilean Endemic Honeys Treated with Ionizing Radiation to Remove American Foulbrood Spores. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172710
Chicago/Turabian StyleMejías, Enrique, Carlos Gomez, and Tatiana Garrido. 2024. "Effect on the Antioxidant Properties of Native Chilean Endemic Honeys Treated with Ionizing Radiation to Remove American Foulbrood Spores" Foods 13, no. 17: 2710. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172710