Wine Volatilome as Affected by Tartaric Stabilization Treatments: Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose and Metatartaric Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wine Samples
2.2. Tartaric Stabilization Experiments
2.3. Mini Contact Test
2.4. Conventional Enological Parameters and Mineral Composition
2.5. Tartaric Acid Determination
2.6. Quantification of Flavonoids, Non-Flavonoids and Total Phenols
2.7. Color, Chromatic Characterization, and Pigments
2.8. Test for Browning Potential
2.9. HPLC-DAD Analysis of Monomeric Anthocyanins, (+)-Catechin, and Phenolic Acids
2.10. Quantification of Monomeric Anthocyanins, (+)-Catechin, and Phenolic Acids
2.11. Determination of the Volatilome GC-MS-HS/SPME
2.12. Statistical Treatment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impact of Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose, and Metatartaric Acid on the Wines Tartaric Stability, Tartaric Acid and Mineral Composition
3.2. Impact of Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose, and Metatartaric Acid on the Wines Phenolic Composition
3.3. Impact of Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose, and Metatartaric Acid on the Wine Color and Chromatic Characteristics
3.4. Impact of Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose, and Metatartaric Acid on the Wines Volatilome
3.4.1. Wines Volatilome
3.4.2. Changes in White Wine Volatilome
3.4.3. Changes in Rosé Wine Volatilome
3.4.4. Changes in Red Wine Volatilome
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | White | Rosé | Red |
---|---|---|---|
Alcohol strengths (% v/v) | 12.7 | 12.5 | 11.6 |
Density at 20 °C (g/mL) | 0.9885 | 0.9988 | 0.9949 |
Titratable acidity (g/L tartaric acid) | 6.7 | 5.8 | 6.5 |
pH | 3.08 | 3.52 | 3.61 |
Volatile acidity (g/L acetic acid) | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.45 |
Total sulphur dioxide (mg/L) | 96 | 106 | 59 |
Free sulfur dioxide (mg/L) | 27 | 23 | 28 |
Malic acid (g/L) | 1.59 | 2.57 | - |
Reducing sugars (g/L) | 2.4 | 3.3 | 4.2 |
Tartaric instability Δx (µS/cm) | 159.3 | 100.8 | 70.5 |
Tartaric Acid (g/L) | Tartaric Stability Δx (μS/cm) | Potassium (mg/L) | Calcium (mg/L) | Sodium (mg/L) | Magnesium (mg/L) | Iron (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White wine | |||||||
Ctr | 3.624 ± 0.003 a | 159.3 ± 9.7 a | 763.4 ± 5.7 a | 51.9 ± 0.3 a | 73.7 ± 0.3 a | 62.5 ± 0.9 a | 0.85 ± 0.07 a |
CS | 2.964 ± 0.030 b | 31.5 ± 2.1 b | 551.3 ± 17.1 b | 51.4 ± 1.0 a | 72.2 ± 0.2 a | 65.9 ± 2.4 a | 0.80 ± 0.14 a |
CMC | 3.603 ± 0.030 a | 46.5 ± 3.0 c | 725.1 ± 65.7 a | 49.4 ± 1.7 a | 84.0 ± 2.7 b | 58.4 ± 2.6 a | 0.80 ± 0.00 a |
MetAc | 3.539 ± 0.000 a | 11.5 ± 0.7 d | 680.5 ± 2.7 a | 52.1 ± 0.7 a | 73.0 ± 1.0 a | 61.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.95 ± 0.07 a |
Rosé wine | |||||||
Ctr | 2.602 ± 0.000 a | 100.8 ± 3.9 a | 1031.1 ± 18.2 a | 43.2 ± 2.6 a | 77.6 ± 0.2 a | 68.5 ± 7.2 a | 1.20 ± 0.07 a |
CS | 2.347 ± 0.060 b | 48.8 ± 3.4 b | 934.4 ± 22.6 a | 45.7 ± 2.6 a | 74.6 ± 0.4 a | 70.4 ± 4.5 a | 1.00 ± 0.07 a |
CMC | 2.581 ± 0.030 a | 23.0 ± 2.2 c | 1016.9 ± 34.8 a | 43.7 ± 1.6 a | 81.6 ± 3.7 b | 71.6 ± 4.2 a | 1.10 ± 0.04 a |
MetAc | 2.602 ± 0.060 a | 14.0 ± 0.0 d | 943.4 ± 7.3 a | 42.7 ± 0.7 a | 72.1 ± 1.8 a | 69.9 ± 1.1 a | 1.30 ± 0.14 a |
Red wine | |||||||
Ctr | 3.262 ± 0.030 a | 70.5 ± 0.7 a | 1204.1 ± 30.6 a | 71.8 ± 4.9 a | 58.1 ± 0.1 a | 118.2 ± 13.4 a | 0.95 ± 0.07 a |
CS | 2.986 ± 0.060 a | 31.5 ± 3.1 b | 1328.6 ± 68.1 b | 68.4 ± 4.2 a | 61.2 ± 0.7 a | 110.1 ± 6.6 a | 0.80 ± 0.00 a |
CMC | 3.390 ± 0.090 a | 38.0 ± 2.2 c | 1385.0 ± 3.9 b,c | 67.9 ± 1.4 a | 70.1 ± 4.7 b | 112.5 ± 5.8 a | 0.75 ± 0.07 a |
MetAc | 3.390 ± 0.090 a | 19.5 ± 1.3 d | 1431.8 ± 11.8 b,d | 68.9 ± 0.7 a | 58.2 ± 2.6 a | 119.8 ± 2.0 a | 0.95 ± 0.21 a |
Total Phenolics (mg/L GAE) | Total Flavonoids (mg/L GAE) | Total Non-Flavonoids (mg/L GAE) | Total Anthocyanins (mg/L) | Colored Anthocyanins (a.u.) | Polymeric Pigments (a.u.) | Total Pigments (a.u.) | Browning Potential (a.u.) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White wine | ||||||||
Ctr | 178.8 ± 0.0 a | 57.9 ± 3.3 a | 121.0 ± 3.3 a | - | - | - | - | 0.0020 ± 0.0014 a |
CS | 177.3 ± 2.2 a | 57.3 ± 2.4 a | 120.0 ± 0.3 a | - | - | - | - | 0.0025 ± 0.0021 a |
CMC | 178.8 ± 4.3 a | 59.0 ± 3.3 a | 119.8 ± 7.6 a | - | - | - | - | 0.0015 ± 0.0007 a |
MetAc | 178.8 ± 0.0 a | 59.0 ± 0.0 a | 119.8 ± 0.0 a | - | - | - | - | 0.0020 ± 0.0014 a |
Rosé wine | ||||||||
Ctr | 237.1 ± 4.3 a | 58.4 ± 0.8 a | 178.7 ± 5.2 a | 11.8 ± 0.6 a | 0.067 ± 0.001 a | 0.050 ± 0.000 a | 0.56 ± 0.07 a | - |
CS | 204.9 ± 2.2 b | 59.0 ± 0.0 a | 145.9 ± 2.2 b | 9.2 ± 0.6 a | 0.038 ± 0.007 b | 0.035 ± 0.007 a | 0.61 ± 0.00 a | - |
CMC | 235.6 ± 2.2 a | 60.2 ± 1.6 a | 175.4 ± 0.5 a | 10.9 ± 0.6 a | 0.061 ± 0.006 a | 0.055 ± 0.007 a | 0.56 ± 0.07 a | - |
MetAc | 238.7 ± 2.2 a | 60.2 ± 0.0 a | 178.5 ± 2.2 a | 11.4 ± 0.0 a | 0.066 ± 0.002 a | 0.050 ± 0.000 a | 0.61 ± 0.00 a | - |
Red wine | ||||||||
Ctr | 530.1 ± 2.2 a | 73.4 ± 0.8 a | 456.7 ± 1.4 a | 154.4 ± 3.1 a | 1.840 ± 0.014 a | 3.580 ± 0.014 a | 15.20 ± 1.21 a | - |
CS | 497.9 ± 0.0 b | 72.8 ± 1.6 a | 425.0 ± 1.6 b | 149.6 ± 1.2 a | 1.670 ± 0.028 b | 3.325 ± 0.007 b | 13.84 ± 0.00 a | - |
CMC | 528.5 ± 0.0 a | 72.8 ± 1.6 a | 455.7 ± 1.6 a | 152.7 ± 1.9 a | 1.86 ± 0.042 a | 3.570 ± 0.000 a | 14.40 ± 0.50 a | - |
MetAc | 531.6 ± 4.3 a | 72.8 ± 0.0 a | 458.8 ± 4.3 a | 152.7 ± 1.9 a | 1.845 ± 0.035 a | 3.585 ± 0.007 a | 15.71 ± 0.21 a | - |
Gallic Acid | (+)-Catechin | trans-Caftaric Acid | GRP | Coutaric Acid | Caffeic Acid | p-Coumaric Acid | Ferulic Acid | Ethyl Ester of Caffeic Acid | Ethyl Ester of Coumaric Acid | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White wine | ||||||||||
Ctr | 0.19 ± 0.00 a | 6.08 ± 0.47 a | 4.55 ± 0.28 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 0.48 ± 0.03 a | 1.14 ± 0.06 a | 0.35 ± 0.05 a | 0.41 ± 0.02 a | 0.51 ± 0.00 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a |
CS | 0.19 ± 0.00 a | 6.60 ± 0.00 a | 4.49 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.49 ± 0.04 a | 1.15 ± 0.05 a | 0.40 ± 0.03 a | 0.42 ± 0.04 a | 0.56 ± 0.05 a | 0.12 ± 0.03 a |
CMC | 0.20 ± 0.02 a | 6.04 ± 0.51 a | 4.73 ± 0.03 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.55 ± 0.01 a | 1.23 ± 0.04 a | 0.3 8 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.05 a | 0.53 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a |
MetAc | 0.20 ± 0.00 a | 6.52 ± 0.01 a | 5.01 ± 0.39 a | 0.07 ± 0.02 a | 0.59 ± 0.05 a | 1.19 ± 0.05 a | 0.36 ± 0.01 a | 0.43 ± 0.02 a | 0.53 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.00 a |
Rosé wine | ||||||||||
Ctr | 0.30 ± 0.01 a | 8.78 ± 0.04 a | 2.32 ± 0.19 a | 0.16 ± 0.04 a | 0.58 ± 0.05 a | 1.56 ± 0.08 a | 0.48 ± 0.11 a | 0.46 ± 0.01 a | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 a |
CS | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 5.62 ± 0.12 b | 2.05 ± 0.30 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 0.65 ± 0.04 a | 1.61 ± 0.00 a | 0.50 ± 0.14 a | 0.47 ± 0.03 a | 0.42 ± 0.07 a | 0.21 ± 0.04 a |
CMC | 0.29 ± 0.00 a | 8.73 ± 0.31 a | 2.66 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.02 a | 0.63 ± 0.06 a | 1.47 ± 0.03 a | 0.51 ± 0.05 a | 0.45 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.06 a | 0.21 ± 0.06 a |
MetAc | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 8.74 ± 0.08 a | 2.29 ± 0.24 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.58 ± 0.15 a | 1.57 ± 0.07 a | 0.50 ± 0.06 a | 0.44 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.08 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 a |
Red wine | ||||||||||
Ctr | 4.59 ± 0.81 a | 19.54 ± 3.23 a | 17.30 ± 2.22 a | 0.73 ± 0.34 a | 4.73 ± 0.98 a | - | 0.73 ± 0.12 a | 3.99 ± 0.25 a | 2.04 ± 0.12 a | 0.32 ± 0.21 a |
CS | 4.58 ± 0.48 a | 13.03 ± 2.00 b | 19.20 ± 0.12 a | 0.41 ± 0.27 a | 4.91 ± 0.58 a | - | 0.90 ± 0.04 a | 4.21 ± 0.60 a | 1.91 ± 0.37 a | 0.24 ± 0.06 a |
CMC | 5.95 ± 1.12 a | 23.78 ± 2.19 a | 19.41 ± 2.25 a | 0.27 ± 0.05 a | 5.94 ± 0.23 a | - | 0.85 ± 0.27 a | 4.32 ± 0.09 a | 1.63 ± 0.05 a | 0.36 ± 0.14 a |
MetAc | 5.55 ± 0.39 a | 20.40 ± 1.75 a | 17.54 ± 3.53 a | 0.67 ± 0.48 a | 5.42 ± 0.85 a | - | 0.84 ± 0.05 a | 4.31 ± 0.54 a | 1.73 ± 0.32 a | 0.33 ± 0.15 a |
D-3-Glc | C-3-Glc | Pet-3-Glc | Peo-3-Glc | M-3-Glc | D-3-AGlc | Pet-3-AGlc | Peo-3-AGlc | M-3-AGlc | C-3-CGlc | Pet-3-CGlc | Mal-3-CGlc | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rosé wine | ||||||||||||
Ctr | 0.027 ± 0.001 a,b,c | 0.145 ± 0.011 a | 0.263 ± 0.012 a | 0.198 ± 0.022 a | 1.668 ± 0.134 a | 0.019 ± 0.001 a,b,c | 0.055 ± 0.008 a | 0.073 ± 0.009 a | 0.166 ± 0.010 a | 0.075 ± 0.001 a | ||
CS | 0.022 ± 0.001 b | 0.087 ± 0.007 b | 0.185 ± 0.013 b | 0.162 ± 0.027 a | 1.211 ± 0.013 b | 0.016 ± 0.001 b | 0.046 ± 0.001 a | 0.044 ± 0.019 a | 0.127 ± 0.009 b | 0.057 ± 0.001 b | ||
CMC | 0.029 ± 0.001 c | 0.134 ± 0.014 a | 0.303 ± 0.019 a | 0.190 ± 0.009 a | 1.521 ± 0.035 a | 0.018 ± 0.000 a,b,c | 0.057 ± 0.007 a | 0.061 ± 0.003 a | 0.164 ± 0.005 a | 0.070 ± 0.007 a | ||
MetAc | 0.027 ± 0.002 a,b,c | 0.141 ± 0.005 a | 0.278 ± 0.013 a | 0.182 ± 0.000 a | 1.567 ± 0.027 a | 0.021 ± 0.001 c | 0.056 ± 0.000 a | 0.072 ± 0.003 a | 0.156 ± 0.005 a | 0.073 ± 0.002 a | ||
Red wine | ||||||||||||
Ctr | 2.16 ± 0.26 a | 50.86 ± 3.15 a | 50.72 ± 2.00 a | 36.03 ± 1.54 a | 154.16 ± 8.18 a | 5.49 ± 0.01 a | 1.65 ± 0.05 a | 5.10 ± 0.16 a,b,c | 11.70 ± 0.46 a | 0.71 ± 0.25 a | 2.43 ± 0.07 a | 12.35 ± 0.48 a |
CS | 1.62 ± 0.21 a | 37.21 ± 0.86 b | 33.98 ± 1.89 b | 25.17 ± 0.36 b | 114.58 ± 4.26 b | 4.42 ± 0.43 a | 0.94 ± 0.15 b | 4.29 ± 0.11 b | 9.34 ± 0.83 a | 0.67 ± 0.05 a | 1.92 ± 0.12 b | 10.87 ± 1.16 a |
CMC | 2.42 ± 0.67 a | 51.69 ± 3.14 a | 49.70 ± 3.43 a | 33.51 ± 3.47 a | 151.53 ± 5.86 a | 5.61 ± 0.47 a | 1.73 ± 0.06 a | 5.43 ± 0.34 c | 11.29 ± 1.31 a | 0.80 ± 0.25 a | 2.59 ± 0.17 a | 12.32 ± 0.25 a |
MetAc | 2.16 ± 0.11 a | 48.89 ± 0.21 a | 47.94 ± 1.89 a | 34.59 ± 1.42 a | 147.36 ± 3.01 a | 5.30 ± 0.38 a | 1.67 ± 0.26 a | 5.09 ± 0.29 a,b,c | 11.06 ± 0.47 a | 0.73 ± 0.02 a | 2.50 ± 0.16 a | 12.09 ± 0.21 a |
Color Intensity (a.u.) | Color A420 nm (a.u.) | Hue | L * | a * | b * | C* | h ° | ΔE * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White wine | |||||||||
Ctr | 0.011 ± 0.001 a | - | 98.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.23 ± 0.00 a | 4.62 ± 0.05 a | 4.62 ± 0.05 a | 1.52 ± 0.00 a | ||
CS | 0.011 ± 0.003 a | - | 98.9 ± 0.0 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 4.67 ± 0.04 a | 4.67 ± 0.04 a | 1.57 ± 0.00 b | 0.34 ± 0.02 a | |
CMC | 0.012 ± 0.001 a | - | 98.7 ± 0.0 a | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 4.63 ± 0.03 a | 4.64 ± 0.03 a | 1.52 ± 0.00 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | |
MetAc | 0.009 ± 0.000 a | - | 98.7 ± 0.1 a | 0.21 ± 0.00 a | 4.60 ± 0.03 a,b | 4.61 ± 0.03 a,b | 1.53 ± 0.00 a | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | |
Rosé wine | |||||||||
Ctr | 2.20 ± 0.07 a | 0.802 ± 0.050 a | 89.1 ± 2.5 a,c | 17.58 ± 0.01 a | 5.94 ± 0.27 a | 18.56 ± 0.08 a | 0.33 ± 0.01 a | ||
CS | 1.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.753 ± 0.000 a | 94.5 ± 0.1 b,c | 8.67 ± 0.08 b | 6.12 ± 0.04 a | 10.61 ± 0.09 b | 0.62 ± 0.00 b | 10.55 ± 1.39 a | |
CMC | 2.15 ± 0.01 a | 0.775 ± 0.001 a | 90.0 ± 1.3 c | 17.28 ± 0.01 a | 6.14 ± 0.20 a | 18.34 ± 0.13 a | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 1.06 ± 1.06 b | |
MetAc | 2.24 ± 0.09 a | 0.857 ± 0.033 a | 90.9 ± 0.2 c | 18.12 ± 0.33 a | 6.25 ± 0.02 a | 19.17 ± 0.30 a | 0.33 ± 0.01 a | 1.95 ± 2.18 b | |
Red wine | |||||||||
Ctr | 6.85 ± 0.02 a,c | 0.792 ± 0.001 a | 55.7 ± 0.2 a | 57.63 ± 0.01 a | 5.70 ± 0.30 a | 57.91 ± 0.04 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a | ||
CS | 6.30 ± 0.00 b | 0.792 ± 0.004 a | 59.4 ± 0.0 b | 58.63 ± 0.08 b | 1.16 ± 0.05 b | 58.64 ± 0.08 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 5.95 ± 0.36 a | |
CMC | 6.84 ± 0.07 a,c | 0.791 ± 0.002 a | 56.1 ± 0.1 a,c | 57.18 ± 0.03 c | 5.11 ± 0.02 c | 57.41 ± 0.03 c | 0.09 ± 0.00 a | 0.88 ± 0.22 b | |
MetAc | 6.86 ± 0.01 a | 0.792 ± 0.002 a | 55.9 ± 0.1 a | 57.91 ± 0.01 d | 5.92 ± 0.00 a | 58.21 ± 0.10 a | 0.10 ± 0.00 a | 0.45 ± 0.19 b |
ODT | White | Rosé | Red | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds | ID $ | RI Calculate | RI * | Odor Descriptor | µg/L | Ctr | CS | CMC | MetAc | Ctr | CS | CMC | MetAc | Ctr | CS | CMC | MetAc |
Ethyl acetate | Std | 891 | 728 b | Fruity, sweet b | 7500 b | 0.18 ± 0.00 a | 0.21 ± 0.00 a | 0.18 ± 0.00 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.00 a | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 ab | 0.06 ± 0.00 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 b |
3-Methylbutanol acetate | Std | 1157 | 1120 a | Banana, sweet a | 30 a | 234.8 ± 4.0 a | 217.1 ± 14.5 a | 214.4 ± 10.2 a | 241.2 ± 3.1 a | 460.7 ± 3.0 b | 503.3 ± 0.5 a | 449.8 ± 5.6 b | 448.3 ± 15.3 b | 16.2 ± 0.2 a | 16.4 ± 1.7 a | 18.8 ± 0.5 a | 19.1 ± 1.0 a |
3-Methylbutanol | Std | 1193 | 1206 a | Alcohol, balsamic, burnta | 30,000 a | 43.7 ± 0.4 a | 30.2 ± 0.5 b | 41.2 ± 1.7 a | 41.4 ± 1.9 a | 50.5 ± 3.5 a | 41.5 ± 1.3 a | 46.1 ± 3.4 a | 48.6 ± 1.2 a | 153.8 ± 8.9 a | 164.4 ± 0.4 a | 162.1 ± 9.7 a | 151.2 ± 0.5 a |
Unknown 1 | 1216 | 0.37 ± 0.00 a | 0.30 ± 0.03 ab | 0.26 ± 0.02 b | 0.28 ± 0.03 ab | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.02 ± 0.00 a,b | ||||||||
Ethyl hexanoate | Std | 1225 | 1220 a | Fruit, anise a | 5 a | 150.1 ± 5.7 b | 337.3 ± 9.8 a | 146.3 ± 4.6 b | 161.8 ± 12.1 b | 83.4 ± 1.3 b | 132.1 ± 1.6 a | 82.9 ± 2.4 b | 81.7 ± 0.5 b | 33.6 ± 0.00 a | 36.9 ± 3.8 a | 32.5 ± 1.0 a | 28.7 ± 2.1 a |
Unknown 2 | 1253 | 0.38 ± 0.01 a | 0.33 ± 0.03 a | 0.34 ± 0.00 a | 0.27 ± 0.00 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 ab | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | ||||||||
Hexyl acetate | Std | 1260 | 1262 a | Fruit, citrus a | 10 a | 13.8 ± 0.1 c | 24.8 ± 0.8 a | 15.5 ± 0.4 b | 16.6 ± 0.5 b | 12.0 ± 0.3 b | 22.1 ± 0.2 a | 11.9 ± 0.6 b | 13.0 ± 0.3 b | 1.18 ± 0.05 b | 0.56 ± 0.03 c | 1.45 ± 0.01 a | 1.13 ± 0.02 b |
γ-Terpinene | 1283 | 1274 c | woody, citrus d | 1000 d | 1.12 ± 0.01 a | 1.04 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.81 ± 0.02 c | 0.91 ± 0.03 bc | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 a | |||||
Hexanol | Std | 1318 | 1354 a | Floral, sweet, green a | 8000 a | 0.20 ± 0.00 ab | 0.16 ± 0.00 b | 0.19 ± 0.02 ab | 0.23 ± 0.03 a | 0.59 ± 0.04 a | 0.43 ± 0.00 b | 0.60 ± 0.03 a | 0.58 ± 0.04 a | ||||
2-Nonanone | 1388 | 1388 c | 5.5 e | 0.41 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.48 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.00 b | ||||||||||
Unknown 3 | 1403 | 0.59 ± 0.04 a | 0.60 ± 0.03 a | 0.49 ± 0.02 a | 0.54 ± 0.02 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | ||||||||
Ethyl octanoate | Std | 1419 | 1414 a | Fruit, waxy a | 2 a | 738.4 ± 7.6 c | 3132.8 ± 25.2 a | 901.9 ± 50.0 b | 877.8 ± 44.6 b | 2035 ± 119 b | 2997 ± 283 a | 2193 ± 115 b | 1933 ± 141 b | 148.4 ± 8.0 b | 180.0 ± 10.1 a | 141.6 ± 1.3 b | 131.7 ± 9.2 b |
Unknown 4 | 1465 | 0.40 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.41 ± 0.02 a | 0.28 ± 0.01 c | 0.31 ± 0.02 b,c | ||||||||||||
Linalool | Std | 1528 | 1537 a | Citrus, floral, lavanda a | 15 a | 19.8 ± 0.6 a | 17.1 ± 1.0 a | 18.8 ± 1.1 a | 19.1 ± 0.7 a | 4.58 ± 0.24 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 3.95 ± 0.34 a | 4.42 ± 0.24 a | 8.49 ± 0.10 b | 9.07 ± 0.32 ab | 10.60 ± 0.62 a | 9.75 ± 0.67 ab |
Unknown 5 | 1592 | 2.48 ± 0.10 a | 1.88 ± 0.15 b | 2.40 ± 0.15 a | 2.05 ± 0.10 a,b | 0.38 ± 0.03 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 0.32 ± 0.02 a | ||||||||
Ethyl decanoate | Std | 1651 | 1624 a | Fruit, sweet a | 200 a | 341.8 ± 0.3 c | 1479.4 ± 57.5 a | 440.1 ± 23.0 b | 377.0 ± 29.8 bc | 285.7 ± 7.7 b | 1735.9 ± 87.0 a | 288.7 ± 4.7 b | 240.3 ± 9.5 c | 72.2 ± 0.0 a | 65.1 ± 3.7 a,b | 61.1 ± 0.8 b,c | 55.8 ± 2.1 c |
Unknown 6 | 1687 | 0.56 ± 0.05 a | 0.54 ± 0.00 a | 0.64 ± 0.02 a | 0.60 ± 0.04 a | ||||||||||||
Unknown 7 | 1696 | 0.19 ± 0.01 b | 0.24 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 c | 0.18 ± 0.01 b,c | ||||||||||||
Unknown 8 | 1709 | 0.40 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | 0.40 ± 0.00 a | 0.29 ± 0.03 b | 0.16 ± 0.00 a | 0.09 ± 0.00 d | 0.14 ± 0.01 b | 0.11 ± 0.00 c | ||||||||
Unknown 9 | 1736 | 0.07 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | ||||||||||||
Ethyl benzeneacetate | 1772 | 1775 a | Fruit a | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.19 ± 0.01 b | 0.19 ± 0.00 b | 0.24 ± 0.01 a | 0.31 ± 0.02 a | 0.30 ± 0.00 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.36 ± 0.03 a | ||||||
2-Phenylethyl acetate | Std | 1797 | 1883 a | Floral a | 250 a | 57.5 ± 3.9 a | 57.5 ± 0.5 a | 57.3 ± 0.2 a | 53.3 ± 1.9 a | 46.4 ± 1.3 a,b | 45.5 ± 0.0 ab | 46.9 ± 0.3 a | 43.1 ± 1.2 b | 9.86 ± 0.30 a | 9.53 ± 0.46 a | 9.84 ± 0.24 a | 10.12 ± 0.89 a |
Benzyl alcohol | Std | 1836 | 1869 a | Blackberry, floral, fruit a | 20,0000 a | 0.93 ± 0.02 c | 1.86 ± 0.16 a | 1.34 ± 0.03 b | 1.23 ± 0.14 b,c | ||||||||
2-Phenylethanol | Std | 1870 | 1910 a | Floral, Honey, spice a | 14,000 a | 77.6 ± 2.5 a | 49.6 ± 4.2 c | 64.1 ± 0.2 b | 75.2 ± 2.5 a,b | 49.0 ± 2.3 a | 38.2 ± 3.2 b | 52.5 ± 3.4 a | 47.6 ± 1.1 ab | 202.4 ± 15.6 b | 306.0 ± 35.6 a | 299.0 ± 13.5 a | 386.8 ± 20.7 a |
Ethyl dodecanoate | Std | 1885 | 1837 a | Fruity, soap, sweet a | 500 a | 0.81 ± 0.05 b | 3.00 ± 0.01 a | 0.66 ± 0.00 c | 0.77 ± 0.03 b | 0.27 ± 0.02 b | 1.39 ± 0.14 a | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.26 ± 0.02 b | 0.52 ± 0.04 b | 0.77 ± 0.01 a | 0.30 ± 0.03 c | 0.25 ± 0.00 c |
Hexyl decanoate | 1982 | 1998 c | Fresh green aroma | 0.50 ± 0.03 b | 3.77 ± 0.39 a | 0.65 ± 0.01 b | 0.55 ± 0.04 b | ||||||||||
4-Ethylguaiacol | Std | 2002 | 1989 b | Smoke b | 150 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 ab | 0.06 ± 0.00 ab | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | ||||||||
Octanoic acid | Std | 2011 | 2089 a | Cheesy a | 10,000 a | 95.9 ± 7.2 a | 90.1 ± 1.9 a | 81.6 ± 1.6 a | 89.4 ± 3.3 a | 30.3 ± 0.8 a | 33.9 ± 3.3 a | 32.9 ± 0.7 a | 32.7 ± 0.5 a | 8.62 ± 0.62 a | 8.21 ± 0.70 a | 10.03 ± 1.27 a | 9.40 ± 0.51 a |
Ethyl tetradeconoate | 2043 | 2055 c | Sweet, waxy g | 500 g | 0.09 ± 0.00 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.00 b | |||||||||
4-Ethylphenol | Std | 2123 | 2142 b | Spicy, phenolic b | 400 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.14 ± 0.00 a | 0.08 ± 0.02 a | ||||||||
Decanoic acid | Std | 2214 | Cheesy, fatty a | 15,000 a | 3.11 ± 0.14 b | 7.02 ± 0.03 a | 3.23 ± 0.10 b | 3.44 ± 0.08 b | 7.36 ± 0.10 c | 23.5 ± 0.3 a | 8.52 ± 0.24 c | 6.87 ± 0.10 b | 2.56 ± 0.13 a | 2.34 ± 0.36 a | 3.18 ± 0.20 a | 2.75 ± 0.05 a | |
Ethyl hexadecanoate | 2285 | 2261 c | Toffee f | 1500 f | 1.19 ± 0.01 c | 2.72 ± 0.04 a | 1.28 ± 0.3 b | 0.99 ± 0.01 d | 1.27 ± 0.06 a | 1.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.97 ± 0.01 b | 1.05 ± 0.06 b | |||||
Total esters | 1533 ± 1 c | 5252 ± 9 a | 1728 ± 28 b | 1776 ± 88 b | 2926 ± 120 b | 5444 ± 369 a | 2762 ± 165 b | 3076 ± 127 b | 283.7 ± 3.9 a,b | 310.8 ± 16.3 a | 248.3 ± 9.3 b | 266.9 ± 0.7 b | |||||
Total alcohols | 121.6 ± 2.0 a | 79.8 ± 4.6 b | 116.7 ± 4.4 a | 105.3 ± 1.5 a | 99.7 ± 5.9 a | 79.9 ± 1.9 b | 94.4 ± 0.0 a,b | 98.8 ± 6.8 a | 357 ± 6,8 b | 472.7 ± 35.3 a | 439.8 ± 20.3 a | 463.1 ± 23.3 a,b | |||||
Total acids | 99.0 ± 7.4 a | 97.1 ± 1.9 a | 92.8 ± 3.3 a | 84.9 ± 1.7 a | 37.6 ± 0.9 b | 57.4 ± 3.6 a | 39.6 ± 0.4 b | 41.4 ± 0.5 b | 11.2 ± 0.5 a | 11.5 ± 0.3 a | 12.2 ± 0.5 a | 13.2 ± 1.5 a | |||||
Total terpens | 20.9 ± 0.6 a | 18.8 ± 1.1 a | 20.0 ± 0.7 a | 19.6 ± 1.0 a | 4.65 ± 0.25 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 b | 4.48 ± 0.24 a | 4.02 ± 0.34 a | 8.49 ± 0.10 b | 9.07 ± 0.32 a,b | 9.75 ± 0.67 a,b | 10.6 ± 0.6 b | |||||
Total unknowns | 5.18 ± 0.06 a | 4.09 ± 0.12 c | 4.34 ± 0.23 a,b | 4.81 ± 0.13 b,c | 0.90 ± 0.03 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 c | 0.74 ± 0.02 b | 0.77 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | |||||
Total aroma | 1780 ± 11 c | 5451 ± 2 a | 1990 ± 89 b | 1962 ± 29 b | 3069 ± 126 b | 5582 ± 363 a | 2903 ± 166 b | 3220 ± 129 b | 662 ± 3 c | 804 ± 20 a | 710 ± 12 a,b | 755 ± 25 b,c |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Cosme, F.; Oliveira, R.; Filipe-Ribeiro, L.; Nunes, F.M. Wine Volatilome as Affected by Tartaric Stabilization Treatments: Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose and Metatartaric Acid. Foods 2024, 13, 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172734
Cosme F, Oliveira R, Filipe-Ribeiro L, Nunes FM. Wine Volatilome as Affected by Tartaric Stabilization Treatments: Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose and Metatartaric Acid. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172734
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosme, Fernanda, Rui Oliveira, Luís Filipe-Ribeiro, and Fernando M. Nunes. 2024. "Wine Volatilome as Affected by Tartaric Stabilization Treatments: Cold Stabilization, Carboxymethylcellulose and Metatartaric Acid" Foods 13, no. 17: 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172734